Three dimensions of China's "outward-oriented" higher education internationalization (original) (raw)
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Previous Studies on China’s “Outward-Oriented” Higher Education Internationalization Approach
China’s Outward-Oriented Higher Education Internationalization, 2021
As mentioned in the introductory chapter (Chap. 1), China's approach to "outwardoriented" higher education (HE) internationalization for the purpose of enhancing its international status and worldwide influence contains three major dimensions: (1) cultural diplomacy programs such as the Confucius Institute (CI) program, (2) HErelated international development aid towards developing countries, and (3) HE-level international student recruitment strategy and activities. Each of these three dimensions has been researched in previous studies. Following previous perspectives and findings, this chapter provides the main background of the research focus of this book, while introducing different viewpoints from relevant studies. It particularly includes the studies conducted by scholars in Mainland China, who are both policy recipients and researchers of China's HE internationalization. Through reviewing previous studies, this chapter attempts to explain the present situation of China's cultural diplomacy, the tradition and development of China's international aid in HE, as well as the enormous changes China has brought about in international student recruitment. It also attempts to identify the gaps between what is happening currently and previous studies, also what this book seeks to contribute. A more detailed discussion of the present situation and challenges of China's "outward-oriented" HE internationalization will be presented in Chap. 5 of this book (Understanding Three Dimensions of China's "Outward-Oriented" Higher Education Internationalization: Challenges and Suggestions). 2.1 Studies on China's Cultural Diplomacy and Its Implementation Through Higher Education Compared to its significant progress in economic development, it is obvious that China's efforts in cross-cultural communication have not yet achieved desired results (Shen, 2013). Most people in the rest of the world are not well informed about China's
2017
This study investigates China’s present situation of shifting from a mainly inward-oriented higher education internationalization to a more balanced approach, and the existing gaps between China’s goals of using outward-oriented higher education internationalization to enhance its international influence and status in the world knowledge system, also the challenges it faces in the response to this approach. According to a new typology proposed by the author, “outward-oriented higher education internationalization” refers to the process of exporting/introducing domestic knowledge, culture, higher education models and norms, and educational philosophies to the world through higher education internationalization primarily for the sake of enhancing worldwide influence. This study examines the three major dimensions of China’s outward-oriented HE internationalization: 1) Cultural diplomacy based on Sino-foreign higher education collaboration (i.e. the Confucius Institute program), 2) int...
China's Strategy for the Internationalization of Higher Education: An Overview
Over the past decades, the internationalization of higher education in China has had considerable achievements, and has contributed to the current transformation of the Chinese system into one of the largest and arguably most promising ones in the world. Setting the Chinese experience in an international context, this article assesses the latest developments. It argues that China's internationalization of higher education is part of a much larger process of cultural integration between China and the West. From this perspective, it concludes that although China's recent developments deserve to be noted, China has a considerable distance to go before its aspirations to create truly world-class universities are fulfilled.
China’s Internationalization of Higher Education: The Barrier Within
2020
T he internationalization of higher education is centered on internationalism. It is, however, often misperceived as emulating the experience of the West in a global context of Western dominance. Such an understanding is theoretically inaccurate and practically infeasible. As part of the much wider interplay between civilizations, the internationalization of higher education has to be like a two-way traffic flow of culture. Within this process, universities have a unique role to play, both as a product and as a producer. Every member of the human community needs to be good at both learning from others and reaching out to the world. A Good Story Told Poorly Historically, China has been doing extremely well in the former, that is learning from the other, but has fallen much behind in the latter, that is reaching out to the world. Although home to one of the world's oldest continuous cultures, China has not been successful at Abstract China's achievement in, and approach to, internationalizing its higher education depends greatly on its cultural traits. Historically, Chinese culture has long excelled in incorporating elements from outside its borders, but has fallen relatively behind in reaching out to others. Such a disposition has left deep marks on the ways in which Chinese higher education interacts with the rest of the world.
Internationalisation of Higher Education in China: A Critical Analysis
Social Change, 2019
Internationalisation is becoming the main catalyst for the development of higher education in China. Through document analysis, this study explores the concept of internationalisation by examining the role of the Chinese government and student mobility. The study argues that internationalisation of higher education in China is directed by the government with financial and diplomatic leverages. The government exerts significant influence on higher education institutions (HEIs) through legislation, funding, planning and evaluation. Furthermore, the study notes that internationalisation of higher education is providing China with economic and cultural capital. However, there still is a lot of work to be done to advance the internationalisation process of Chinese HEIs. The HEIs need to further strengthen and expand their international programmes. They should also provide adequate social and academic services to international students, and promote Chinese-international student interaction.
Policy and Practice of the Internationalization of Higher Education in China
Directly motivated by the open-door policy, economic reforms and challenges from globalization and worldwide competition, as well as efforts to realize massification of higher education since 1978, the internationalization of higher education in China has experienced a change from activities concerning traditional outflows of international scholars, faculty members, and students before 1992 to those relating to transnational higher education and internationalization of curricula. During the process, academic patterns from Europe, Asia, and the Pacific region as well as from America have significantly affected Chinese higher education. Internationalization has never been a one-way process; rather it comprises attempts to realize mutual communication or exchange, largely oriented and regulated by the government. The problem of increasing outflow of personnel abroad, the "brain drain," as well as the ability to benefit from transnational education while also maintaining a national character remain key issues for the future.
Two flagship Chinese universities are home to newly established English-language graduate programs intended to arm international cohorts of future leaders with the skills, knowledge, and insights necessary to thrive in a world in which China will play a leading role. Employing the literature of international education and public diplomacy, this study considers the two new programs—Schwarzman Scholars at Tsinghua University and Yenching Academy at Peking University—presenting them as international educational exchanges with all the public diplomacy connotations that term implies. Although Confucius Institutes typically dominate discussion of China’s public diplomacy efforts in educational milieu overseas, the nearly simultaneous emergence of the Schwarzman and Yenching programs offers an opportunity to consider the role of institutions of higher education, this time within China, as part of that country’s ongoing soft power promotion efforts.
Trends of Internationalization in China’s Higher Education: Opportunities and Challenges
US-China Education Review B
Quality of higher education is a key to national economic growth and social development. Internationalization of higher education has been one of the major national trends and governmental agendas in many emerging countries in the past few years. International education is transformative. With globalization and the development of the Internet of Things, internationalization of higher education has become an important national goal in China. The purpose of this paper is threefold: (a) to describe a brief history of internationalization of higher education in China; (b) to conceptualize the dualism of internationalization of higher education, the role of the government, and China's 13th Five Year Plan in China; and (c) to delineate the challenges and opportunities of international collaborations, especially in the dual-degree model under international partnership programs between China and the United States.
British Journal of Educational Studies, 2021
In recent years, an increasingly assertive People's Republic of China (PRC) leadership has sought to extend the PRC's influence globally. To this end, it has developed diverse strategies ranging from soft power to more coercive means. The more visible strategies include the Belt and Road Initiative, the Chinese Dream, and 'wolf warrior' diplomacy. At the soft power end of the spectrum, Chinese overseas students are at the nexus between two strategies of soft power-the Chinese diaspora and the internationalisation of higher education. While there is an established literature analysing China's soft power worldwide, relatively little has been done on the role of higher education, particularly where this concerns overseas Chinese students. The article will examine China's use of overseas students to project its soft power. It then identifies the strategies that support this, viz. ideological and political education to prepare young people for this role and, once overseas, an appeal to a conception of the Chinese diaspora, as well as the organisations (e.g. embassies and student associations) that form potential channels to students and monitor and support them in their role.