LOOKING THROUGH LATE MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN GLASS IN PORTUGAL (original) (raw)
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Inrecent years, there has been an increasing interest in archaeological glass found in Portugal, particularly in terms of distinguishing between the glasses that were produced there and those that were imported. This article reports the results of a study designed to determine the provenance of a set of glass goblets found during the archaeological excavation of a building known as the Casa dos Bicos, in Lisbon, Portugal, on the basis of stylistic and chemical analyses.
The town of el Catllar, in the province of Tarragona, Spain, is located in the Gaiá River Valley, on the Southern Catalonian Coast (Tarragona, Spain). Archaeological excavations, supported by the Municipality of el Cattlar, were undertaken during the 1990s and between 2003 and 2004 in the mediaeval castle, its moat, and in the area surrounding the ancient parsonage, situated in the middle of the town. An important group of fragmentary glass objects was collected. Here we present an overview of the glass found in 15th - 17th century contexts, which will be compared mainly with similar finds from Catalonia and nearby regions.
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A set of 46 fragments decorated with the filigree technique were unearthed in Lisbon and dated to the 16th and 17th centuries. The aim of this investigation is to combine the archaeometric study of the glass together with the technology used to produce these beautiful and luxury items, in order to discuss their probable provenance. The glass composition was characterized using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA- ICP-MS). It was possible to identify genuine Venetian glass but it was also possible to find glass compositions that do not relate with any of the compositions from known façon-de-Venice glass production centers.
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The haematinon bowl from Pydna. Height 5.5 cm. © 27 th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, Greece. The bowl (skyphos) is discussed in the paper by Despina Ignatiadou ' A haematinon bowl from Pydna' , p. 69.
Heritage, 2024
One of the most recognized decorations of the pick-up technique is the millefiori glass, which has been commonly attributed to Venetian production. However, Portugal is the country where the largest known assemblage of this type of glass artefact has been studied and published. In this work, two important archeological contexts were selected: (1) Santa Clara-a-Velha monastery (SCV) and (2) São João de Tarouca monastery (SJT). The fragments selection was made based on the diversity of decorative motifs, colors, and original forms that has been associated with Portuguese production. The compositional characterization was conducted by performing micro-particle-induced X-ray emission (µ-PIXE) mapping, which facilitated the visualization of the distribution of different oxides across the different glass layers and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to obtain the major, minor, and trace elements composition, including rare earth elements (REEs) to determine which kind of raw materials were used. Additionally, µ-Raman spectroscopy was employed to investigate the opacifiers, while UV–Visible spectroscopy was used to study which chromophores are presented in the glass samples. All the analyzed glass layers can be considered to be of a soda–lime–silica type, and four different geological patterns (from GP1 to GP4) were detected and reported. This result can indicate that these objects were made by using silica sources taken from four different geological settings. Interestingly, the GP3 represents about 41% of the analyzed glass fragments and is compatible with the pattern detected in some production wastes found in two different archeological contexts located in Lisbon, which reinforces the veracity of the theory that this GP can be attributed to a Portuguese production. On the other hand, GP1 was probably attributed Granada provenance.
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The aim of this study is to describe glass bracelets, which constitute a very large part of the collection of the Ar- chaeological Museum in Alhama de Murcia, a town located in southeastern Spain in the province of Murcia. The author of the article received 130 fragments of glass bracelets from excavations carried out in two different parts of the city. Aside from describing physical characteristics of these objects, samples from four different types of bracelets were collected and transferred to the laboratory to determine the chemical composition. Six types of glass bracelets have been distinguished during the documentation works conducted in the mu- seum’s storehouse. The first group included bracelets with a smooth surface and without additional decorations. In the material available for the analysis, 71 items were distinguished, which constitutes the largest group of ob- jects. The second group consists of objects made of single coloured glass paste with a surface twisted to a differ- ent degree. 27 pieces that have been included in the group in question vary in colour. Among them there are bracelets made of dark glass paste (black or navy blue), and other ones made of light and translucent – yellow or light blue glass paste. The third group consists of bracelets which, like the abovedescribed examples, also have a spiral surface, although it seems that it formed as a result of releasing the pressure in the glass, not the process of twisting. Interestingly, they have an additional ornament in the form of a 0,2-0,3 cm glass thread, which loosely covers the whole bracelet. Both pieces were made of dark glass paste (navy blue or black). The same glass paste was used for the ornament. Bracelets with characteristic longitudinal grooves form yet another group. Among the 13 documented fragments, none of the bracelets’ state allowed to determine the original diameter of bracelets. The last group of objects with circular cross-sections consists of 16 bracelets with a twisted surface and a twisted glass thread imbedded into the bracelet’s core. Some of the examples are decorated with a double thread; however, all of them were made of milky glass paste. The last example is unique, because it has an ornament in the form of a horizontally embedded milky-coloured double thread. Maud Spaer suggests the Ottoman period as the preliminary chronology for such bracelets by including them in the D1e type. Glass bracelets, although present in three cultures: Muslim, Christian and Jewish, are traditionally associated with the first of the three mentioned. It has been assumed that for the Muslim community of the Peninsula those who wore them were protected from bad luck. Due to the fact that women, especially pregnant ones, and children were the most vulnerable, they were the main recipients of this kind of accessories. In situ finds connected with funeral practices provide information on how these bracelets were worn. Wrists were the most obvious place for bracelets to be worn and the number of bracelets was the same on both hands, however, these decorations were also worn on forearms, ankles, and sometimes used as necklace tokens. Bracelets from Alhama de Murcia, due to their archaeological background, which is dated to the time of presence of the post Muslim community in the city, should rather be associated with the Christian population that inhabited these areas during their Reconquista in the second half of the 13th century. Due to the fact that the majority of glass bracelets were a part of funeral practices and therefore an element of tomb equipment, archaeological dating is not easy. These items were often in the possession of a given family for a very long time, and in addition, the decorations themselves and production technology changed little over the centuries. Regarding the dating of particular objects, it should be noted that without considering the context of the find, it is very difficult to provide a narrow chronology. The stratigraphy of the excavation areas is being prepared, however, the explorers ensure that the layers from which the bracelets come date back to the 14th and 15th centuries. It is certain that the oldest examples are the bracelets with semi-circular cross-sections, which are remnants of the Roman traditions. The bracelets with circular or oval cross-sections are the most recent, as they were crafted during the Muslim period. The author is inclined to accept the period from the 14th century to the end of the time in which the castle was occupied, which was the 16th century, as the chronology of the collection of glass from the castle area.
The glass finds from Rua da Judiaria, Almada, Portugal (12th-19th century)
Revista portuguesa de arqueologia, 2005
As escavações arqueológicas levadas a cabo em Almada, na Rua da Judiaria, pelo Museu Municipal, nos anos 1992-1994, permitiram pôr a descoberto um conjunto de estruturas de ocupação associadas a materiais dos séculos XII a XX. Do espólio resgatado, salienta-se um grupo de objectos de vidro datáveis a partir do século XII. Trata-se em grande parte de copos e garrafas em vidro soprado, de forma e decoração variada, encontrando-se também frascos e peças de outro género. O estudo deste conjunto oferece a oportunidade de identificar tipos ainda não documentados em Portugal, assim como de antecipar a cronologia de formas já conhecidas em épocas posteriores, permitindo lançar hipóteses sobre as importações e a produção de vidro no País.