NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY AND ASSESSMENT OF THE INTERNAL DOSE OF WATER RESOURCES FOR SELECTED SITES IN EGYPT (original) (raw)
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Radioactivity Survey and Risk Assessment Study for Drinking Water in the Artvin Province, Turkey
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In this study, 117 spring water samples, collected across the Artvin province, were analyzed for gross α and gross β radioactivity. The values of the activity concentrations of the gross α and gross β measured in the natural spring water samples ranged from 5 to 771 mBqL −1 with the mean of 46 mBqL −1 and from 13 to 808 mBqL −1 with the mean of 91 mBqL −1 . All values of measured water samples except one were within the limits, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Gross alpha-and betainterpolated values of the region were determined and mapped by using the Kriging method. In addition to the measured gross alpha and beta activity result of natural spring water samples, for each sample, annual effective dose equivalent was calculated and lifetime cancer risks were estimated. Our study showed that two values of water samples exceeded WHO limits and lifetime cancer risk due to the water radioactivity ranges between 1.3×10 −5 and 20.6×10 −4 with the mean of 10.1×10 −5 .
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The radiological quality in some samples of drinking water collected in Italy has been evaluated in the paper. As far as the measured a or b radionuclides are concerned, the doses for all the analysed samples of drinking water are in the range of 1.80-36.2 mSv yr À1 , all being well below the reference level of the committed effective dose (100 mSv yr À1) recommended by the WHO. As far as each measured a or b radionuclide is concerned, the dose contributions for most of the analysed water samples are in this order: 210 Po4 228 Ra4 226 Ra4 234 U4 238 U4 224 Ra4 235 U, and 210 Po and 228 Ra can yield a significant contribution to the doses from the analysed drinking water samples. As far as the elements are concerned, the dose contributions are 48.0727.9% from radium, 31.7723.1% from polonium, and 20.3714.1% from uranium. The water samples, No. 2, 7, 13, and 15, can lead to a dose of 410 mSv yr À1 , mainly due to the dose contribution from 210 Po and 228 Ra, especially water samples No. 2 and 13. The obtained data can provide basic information for consumers and competent authorities regarding the internal exposure risk due to drinking water intake, and can possibly serve as a comparison when evaluating the dose contribution from artificial radionuclides released to the environment as a result of any human practices and accidents in the studied area.
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In the present paper the different ways of assessing the annual effective dose due to ingestion of radionuclides by drinking water consumption were examined and exemplified. On a set of 10 samples the gross alpha activity, the gross beta activity, the concentration of 210Po, 210Pb, 238U, 232Th and, 226Ra were measured. The highest annual effective dose values assessed by relying on the investigated sample set were found by using the rationale according to which all the gross alpha and beta activity is due to the alpha and beta radionuclide, with the highest effective dose coefficient, namely 210Po and 210Pb/228Ra, respectively.
The natural and artificial radionuclides in drinking water samples and consequent population doses
Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, 2015
Concentration levels of 226 Ra, 228 Ra, 40 K and 137 Cs were determined in 52 drinking water samples collected from the different supplies in Samsun province to evaluate annual effective dose due to the ingestion of the drinking water samples. The activity concentrations of 226 Ra, 228 Ra and 40 K natural radionuclides in the drinking water samples varied from <27 to 2431 mBq L À1 , <36 to 270 mBq L À1 and <47 to 2880 mBq L À1 respectively. The activity concentrations of the artificial radionuclide 137 Cs in the drinking water samples were lower than minimum detectable activity except in one drinking water sample (DW14) with an associated activity concentration of 2576 mBq L À1. Contributions of the consumed water samples to annual effective dose from 226 Ra, 228 Ra and 40 K varied from 1.6 to 33.4 mSv y À1 with a mean of 6.1 mSv y À1 , 2.2 to 46.8 mSv y À1 with a mean of 8.6 mSv y À1 , 4.7 to 97.5 mSv y À1 with a mean of 17.9 mSv y À1 for infants, children and adults, respectively. The results showed that all values of the annual effective dose of ingestion of these water samples were below the individual dose criterion of 100 mSv y À1 reported by World Health Organization (WHO).
American journal of physics and applications, 2024
Ionizing radiation refers to a form of radiation with sufficient energy to dislodge tightly bound electrons from atoms, resulting in the formation of ions. It encompasses alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. Exposure to ionizing radiation, especially through ingestion, can have detrimental effects on living organisms, including humans. The primary goal of this research is to measure and analyze the levels of alpha and beta radiation in water samples, using the obtained results to evaluate radiation concentrations. Water samples were collected from five different locations within Mubi-North Metropolis and analyzed using a desktop Alpha/Beta counting machine or detector (MPC 2000B-DP). The analysis results present the alpha and beta radiation activities in each sample location. For example, alpha activities ranged from 0.009844 Bq/L to 0.1821 Bq/L, and beta activities ranged from 0.04922 Bq/L to 10.21 Bq/L across different locations. Sample D recorded the highest alpha effective equivalent dose of 0.037mSv/y, while the lowest dose of 0.002mSv/y was recorded from sample D. Sample C had the highest beta effective equivalent dose of 5.143mSv/y, and the lowest dose of 0.329mSv/y was recorded from sample E. Sample C also recorded the highest total effective dose of 516mSv/y, while the lowest dose of 0.34mSv/y was from sample E. Only sample D exceeded the recommended screening level of 0.1mSv/y for Alpha, and only sample E recorded the lowest effective dose of 0.329mSv/y below the screening limit of 1.0mSv/y, indicating potential cancer risk for all samples except sample E. In summary, the study concludes that alpha activities in all collected samples are below the recommended screening levels for drinking water radioactivity set by organizations such as EPA, WHO, and GEG-FAO. However, beta activities in the samples, except for the one from Federal Polytechnic Reservoir, surpass the recommended screening levels, suggesting a potential health risk for individuals consuming water from those sources. Overall, the research provides valuable insights into alpha and beta radiation levels in water samples from various locations in Mubi-North Metropolis, highlighting the safety of alpha levels but indicating potential hazards in beta radiation levels.
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Natural radioactivity was determined in 11 different brands of commonly sold bottled drinking water in the federal capital Islamabad and Rawalpindi city of Pakistan using gamma spectrometry technique. Mean concentrations of 226 Ra, 232 Th and 40 K were found to be 11.3 AE 2.3, 5.2 AE 0.4 and 140.9 AE 30.6 mBq l À1 , respectively. The annual cumulative effective doses due to all three natural radionuclides for different age groups of 1-5 y, 5-10 y, 10-15 y and adults (!18 y) were estimated to be 4.0, 3.4, 3.1 and 4.1 mSv y À1 , respectively. Among the three natural radionuclides, annual effective doses for all age groups from 226 Ra were significant. Children in the age group of 1-5 y appeared to be at risk with respect to the annual effective doses from 226 Ra as compared to the other age groups. Results obtained in this study are compared with the reported values from other countries of the world and it was observed that measured activity concentrations of three natural radionuclides in the bottled drinking water were lower than these values. Annual estimated effective doses for all four age groups from the intake of natural radionuclides in bottled drinking water were also found below the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommended limit of 0.1 mSv y À1 as well as the average radiation dose of 0.29 mSv y À1 received per head worldwide due to ingestion of natural radionuclides assessed by UNSCEAR (2000).
Water Science and Technology: Water Supply
Natural radioactivity and radon concentration were studied in drinking water samples from Baling area, Kedah, Malaysia, using HPGe and RAD-7 detectors, respectively. Average concentrations obtained for 226 Ra, 232 Th, 40 K and 222 Rn were 44.2 ± 3.9, 38.1 ± 5.0, 140.9 ± 10.6 mBq l À1 and 5.7 ± 0.68 Bq l À1 , respectively. Cumulative annual effective doses due to ingestion of 226 Ra, 232 Th, 40 K and 222 Rn for infants, children and adults were estimated to be 13.77, 2.857 and 2.581 μSv y À1 , respectively. Average annual effective doses due to inhalation of radon released in the air during consumption and ingestion of drinking water were separately estimated to be 15.2 and 1.2 μSv y À1 , respectively. A positive correlation (R 2 ¼ 0.87) was observed between 222 Rn and 226 Ra determined by RAD-7 and HPGe detectors, respectively. In this study, the estimated annual effective doses due to ingestion of 226 Ra, 232 Th, 40 K and 222 Rn for infants, children and adults were found to be below the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended limits of 0.1 mSv y À1 .
Assessment of gross α and β radioactivity for drinking water in Hatay province, Turkey
Desalination and Water Treatment, 2015
In this study, the radioactivity analysis was performed in drinking water of Hatay province which is in the southeast region of Turkey. Using ten channels low-level proportional counter, the average "gross α" and "gross β" activity concentrations of the 39 water samples were measured as 36.69 and 116.36 mBq/L, respectively. All values of the "gross α" and "gross β" were lower than the limit values of 500 and 1,000 mBq/L, recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). The average annual effective doses were calculated to be 7.50 μSv for the α-emitters and 58.61 μSv for the β-emitters. The results obtained in this study indicate that the average annual effective doses for all water samples are below the reference level as 0.1 mSv, recommended by WHO.
The objective of this study is to evaluate the radionuclide content of the surface and ground water around oilfields and their host communities and finally assess the excess lifetime cancer risk associated with them. A total of thirty-six water samples were each taken from Tap water, Well Water and River Water in and around twelve oilfields and their host communities of Ogba, Egbema and Ndoni Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. The radionuclide concentrations in all water samples were measured using gamma spectroscopy method. The average values of 226 Ra, 228 Ra and 40 K obtained is 9.22±0.82, 8.46±0.61 and 44.27±2.34Bq/l respectively for well water, 4.20±0.12, 4.44±0.14 and 37.85±2.15Bq/l respectively for Tap water and 6.57±0.24, 6.88±0.36 and 29.48±1.98Bq/l respectively for river water. The committed effective dose and excess lifetime cancer risk was calculated for four age brackets. The average committed effective dose for adults that take tap, well and river water ranged from 1.61 to 3.44mSv/yr and that for teenagers, children and babies ranged from 6.03 to 11.76, 8.97 to 19.09 and 10.63 to 14.73mSv/yr respectively. The excess lifetime cancer risk in adult that drank tap, well and river water ranged from 11.50 x 10-3 to 16.26 x 10-3. And that for teenagers, children and babies ranged from 21.24 to 41.16 x 10-3 , 31.42 to 66.83 x 10-3 and 25.53 to 51.57 x 10-3 respectively. These results when compared with their corresponding world permissible values were found to be above the standard limit for such environment and as such long term radiation exposure to workers and residents of the study areas could pose health threat.
RADIOLOGICAL RISK ESTIMATION OF DRINKING AND IRRIGATION WATER FOR SOME EGYPTIAN SITES
The objective of this work was to determine the radiological health risk due to natural radionuclides (e.g., 226 Ra, 228 Ra and 40 K) in drinking and irrigation water resources in different locations in Egypt. The water resources in Egypt are diverse and include the river Nile, ground water, springs and lakes in addition to rain waters. The total annual effective dose in all estimated water resources were ranged from 0.02, 0.03 and 0.03 mSvy-1 to 13.49, 26.13 and 13.13 mSvy-1 for infants, children and adults respectively. The average lifelong cancer risk and the average hereditary effects due to ingestion of radionuclides by adults show that 12 out of 10,000 may suffer some form of cancer fatality and 43 out of 1000,000 may suffer some hereditary effects. It is concluded that the radiological health risk data obtained were within their safe values.