Assessment of the microbiological quality of bottled water and protected spring water in Bushenyi district, Uganda (original) (raw)
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Bacteriological and Physical Quality of Locally Packaged Drinking Water in Kampala, Uganda
Objective. To assess the bacteriological and physical quality of locally packaged drinking water sold for public consumption. Methods. This was cross-sectional study where a total of 60 samples of bottled water from 10 brands and 30 samples of sachet water from 15 brands purchased randomly were analyzed for bacteriological contamination (total coliform and faecal coliform per 100 mL) usingmembrane filtrate method and reported in terms of cfu/100 mL. Results. Both bottled water and sachet water were not contaminated with faecal coliform.Majority (70%, 21/30) of the sachetwater analyzed exceeded acceptable limits of 0 total coliforms per 100mL set byWHOand the national drinking water standards.The physical quality (turbidity and pH) of all the packaged water brands analyzed was within the acceptable limits.There was statistically significant difference between the median count of total coliform in both sachet water and bottled water brands (𝑈(24) = 37.0, 𝑝 = 0.027). Conclusion. Both bottled water and sachet water were not contaminated with faecal coliforms; majority of sachet waterwas contaminated with total coliformabove acceptable limits. Government and other stakeholders should consider intensifying surveillance activities and enforcing strict hygienic measures in this rapidly expanding industry to improve packaged water quality.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation, 2022
Microbiological examination of bottled and sachet water sold and consumed in Nnewi metropolis, Anambra State, Southeast Nigeria was carried out to assess their microbiological qualities. The bottled and sachet water were bought from various sales outlets in Nnewi, Nnobi, Ichi and Ozubulu towns. Overall 45 samples belonging to 15 different brands (5 bottled table and 10 sachet water) were analyzed for their microbiological quality using standard microbial methods in triplicates of each brand. The biochemical characteristics of the isolates were studied and results showed varied degrees of microbial load which indicated Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp., Salmonella spp., Enterobacter spp. and Citrobacter spp. Of all the 15 sachet water brands analyzed, 40 % failed to meet the WHO drinking water standard of ten coliform per 100 mL, making them unsuitable for human consumption, but all the bottled water samples were of potable quality. The bottled water samples had more microbiological quality than the sachet water samples. The contaminated sachet water samples are not fit for human consumption. Causes of contamination of the water samples and recommendations for improving their microbiological quality were highlighted.
Access to good quality drinking water is a challenge in most towns and cities in Nigeria and households have for years depended on other sources of water to supplement their activities. The introduction of sachet and bottled water to consumers was to provide safe, hygienic and affordable instant drinking water to the public. Although this is a laudable idea, current trends seem to suggest that sachet drinking water could be a route of transmission of diseases. The objective of this study was to determine the c of sachet water popularly known as "pure water" and bottled produced and sold in the municipal area of Abuja, Nigeria. Using simple random sampling procedures, 16 samples from 5 brands of sachet water and 3 brands of bottled water were collected from hawkers/vendors (2 samples per brand). The samples were analyzed using multiple tube method and biochemical assays. Results were recorded as Most Probable Number (MPN) of coliform per 100ml of water. The bacteriological quality of the samples was assessed based on the World Health Organization (WHO) classification system for drinking water. Four (25%) of the samples were Excellent, two (12.5%) were Satisfactory, seven (43.75%) were Suspicious and 3 (18.75%) were Unsatisfactory using the MPN values recorded. Seven sachet and two bottled water samples were contaminated with faecal coliform. Escherichia coli, Enterobacteraerogenes, enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiellasp, Staphylococcus aureus, shigella, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were present in the sachet water sample while Citrobacter spp., Salmonella spp. and klebsiellaspp was present in the bottled water sample. The level of contamination could be due to inadequate treatment of water samples by the producers, improper use of filters or post-production contamination. The findings shows that even though Nigeria has national guidelines and regulations, and the regulatory agencies, the monitoring of the packaged water quality is poor as shown in this study where a product that has NAFDAC certification still fail to meet standard for portable water. There is, therefore, a need to monitor all those involved in water business to comply with the guidelines to avert possible outbreak of water-borne diseases as a result of consumption of contaminated water.
Bacterial Analysis of Selected Drinking Water Sources in Mbarara Municipality, Uganda
Surveillance of water quality to ensure microbiological safety is a vital public health function to prevent water borne diseases. Bacterial total coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) examination provide indication of the hygienic condition of drinking water and are major tools in the assessment of the health risk borne by pathogen in water. Unfortunately, there is insufficient information on the total coliform and E. coli amounts in the common drinking water sources in Mbarara Municipality, Uganda despite the eminent anthropogenic sources of contamination. Hence the study established the sanitary risk and quantified the total coliform and E. coli load in selected drinking water sources in Mbarara Municipality, Uganda. A total of 70 water samples were collected from selected boreholes, springs, wells and rainwater in Nyamitanga, Kamukuzi and Kakoba divisions of Mbarara municipality. The water samples were analysed for total coliform and E. coli abundance using the American Public Health Association (APHA) standard method. The total coliform and Escherichia coli counts were compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standard guidelines. The findings indicate that all the studied groundwater sources (boreholes, springs and wells) in Mbarara Municipality were not compliant to either both or one of the WHO total coliform (<10 CFU/100 ml) and E. coli (0 CFU/100 ml) criteria for drinking water hence they are unsuitable for drinking without treatment e.g. boiling etc. Only rainwater collected from Mbarara University of Science and Technology met the WHO total coliform and E. coli criteria for drinking water thus is suitable for drinking without any treatment. There is a strong linkage between bacterial (total coliforms and E. coli) water quality and water source sanitation, as well as the proximity of latrines, animal farms and landfills around the water sources. Mbarara municipal council should therefore ensure effective and regular operation and maintenance of the drinking water sources through the adoption and promotion of appropriate water safety plans.
Bacteriological quality of drinking water from source to household in Ibadan, Nigeria
African journal of medicine and medical sciences, 2007
The bacteriological quality of drinking water from well, spring, borehole, and tap sources and that stored in containers by urban households in Ibadan was assessed during wet and dry seasons. The MPN technique was used to detect and enumerate the number of coliforms in water samples. Results showed that majority of households relied on wells, which were found to be the most contaminated of all the sources. At the household level, water quality significantly deteriorated after collection and storage as a result of poor handling. Furthermore, there was significant seasonal variation in E. coli count at source (P=0.013) and household (P=0.001). The study concludes that there is a need to improve the microbial quality of drinking water at source and the household level through hygiene education, and provision of simple, acceptable, low-cost treatment methods.