SELÇUKLU VE İLHANLI DÖNEMİ AHLAT YAPILARINDA TAŞÇI İŞARETLERİ (original) (raw)

Bitlis’in Ahlat ilçesi Türk-İslam medeniyetinin önemli şehirlerinden birisidir. Bölgenin doğusunda Van Gölü, kuzeyinde Adilcevaz ve güneyinde Tatvan yer almaktadır. Ahlat, tarihte Kubbet-ül İslam olarak anılmaktadır. Sırasıyla bölgeye Emeviler, Abbasiler, Mervaniler, Ahlatşahlar, Eyyubiler, Selçuklular, Moğollar, İlhanlılar, Akkoyunlular, Safeviler ve Osmanlı Devleti hâkim olmuştur. Bu dönemlerden günümüze çok sayıda mimari eser ulaşmıştır. Bölgede Ahlat taşı olarak bilinen andezit tüf taşının yoğun olarak bulunması, eserlerin bu taş ile yapılmasını zorunlu kılmıştır. Kolay işlenebilen bu taş, Ahlat’da, çok sayıda mimar, mezar taşı ustası ve taşçı ustası yetiştirmesini de sağlamıştır. Ahlatlı mimarların kendi bölgelerinde ve Anadolu’nun muhtelif yerlerinde eserler verdikleri bilinmektedir. Bölgedeki mezar taşı ve mimari taş ustasının çokluğu da dikkat çekmektedir. Fakat taşçı ustaları ve işaretleri bilimsel yayınlara yeterince yansımamıştır. Bölgedeki eserler incelendiğinde yapılardaki taşlar üzerinde çok sayıda taşçı işareti (imzası) dikkat çekmektedir. Ancak bu işaretler farklı biçimdedir ve yapıların her yerinde kullanılmıştır. Taşçı imzaları, Ortaçağ eserlerinde ve sonraki dönemlerde de kullanılmıştır. Ahlat’ta görülen taşçı işaretlerinin benzerlerini Orta Asya, Anadolu ve Avrupa’da farklı dönemlerde bulabilmek mümkündür. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Van Gölü Havzası’ndaki Ahlat’ın Ortaçağ dönemindeki taşçı ustaları ve imzalarını belirlemek ve Türk Mimarisi’nin gelişiminde arka planda yer alan kişilerin etki alanlarını ortaya çıkarmaktır. Böylece Türk mimarlık tarihinin bölgedeki izleri taşçı imzaları üzerinden takip edilecektir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ahlat, Taşçı İşaretleri ve Türk-İslam Mimarisi The “Ahlat stone” (andesite tuff), known by Ahlat's own name and unique to the region, has been used in architectural structures and tombstones throughout history as it can adapt to geographical conditions. The large number of quarries ultimately allowed many architects and craftsmen to grow. It is known that architects from Ahlat produced works in various parts of Anatolia. In addition, the historical cemetery in Ahlat contains the names of numerous tombstone masons. In addition, the signatures of the unidentified stonemasons we saw in the buildings are on the stones in the buildings. The number of these signs will never be clearly defined. The inscriptions on some of these buildings indicate whom they were built for, patron or architect names. However, there are various signs on some stones. These signs are called “stonemasonry signs” in archeology and art history terminology. It is possible to see these signs in the buildings constructed in various periods in the region. Numerous and different forms of stonemasonry signs are found on the buildings. Stonemasonry signs are defined as simple engravings, usually seen on cut stones, showing the craftsman who carved that stone, a group of stonemason masters or where to use it. It is thought that these signatures provide convenience on inspection and pricing times during the construction of the buildings. It is also possible to see stonemasonry signs in the medieval structures in the Ahlat region we have studied. Especially the quarry in the region is intense and the development of stonework has led to the emergence of many architects and stonemasons. Different and similar signs were detected in examinations made with the naked eye in the structures we investigated. Both in the same region and in different regions, the same stonemasonry signs can be seen without period difference. Stonemason signatures were frequently encountered in post-Medieval structures in Ahlat and understood that similar signs still persist. The six medieval works in Ahlat were studied. There are two structures belonging to Ahlatshahs period and four to Ilkhanid period. Especially in the Zawiye and Çifte Hamam built by Ahlatshahs, there are intense signatures of stonemasons. This quantity decreases in Ilkhanid tombs. A great number of stonemasonry signs were identified in the Seljuk Age structures in Ahlat, while a few signs were observed in the tombs of the Ilkhanid period. This may be related to the dimensions of the structure or repairs. The fact that the Zawiye and Çifte Hamam was located under the ground until the last years, and its size, has helped numerous stonemasonry signs to preserve and reach the presecupolant day. Due to the small size of the tombs belonging to the Ilkhanid period, few stonemasons could have worked and the renovation works of these structures could have prevented these stonemason signatures from reaching the present day. In the Seljuk zawiye, stonemasonry signs were found only on the walls. The signs disappeared due to the facades being under the ground. The presence of a large number of signs in the structure suggests that these signatures could have been on the facades. In addition, the presence of these signs is likely on the invisible faces of some stones. The stonemason signatures in Zawiye and Çifte Hamam are simple, geometric, complex and directional arrow-shaped. In the tombs of the Ilkhanid period, the signs resemble a simple and ornamental form. In addition, it is seen that the same stonemason signatures were small and large in size. But these are usually simple signs. This shows that the stonemasons acted sloppy or they acted fast due to the purchase of wages per stone produced. It was found that some of the signs were the same in the buildings, but some of them had extra lines and a different signature appeared. This suggests that people working in the same group, such as master-apprentice or father-son, use similar signs. Stonemason signatures are usually engraved in the middle of the processed stones while some stones are engraved on the edge. Stones signatures belonging to the works of the Ahlatshahs period are evident, but they are hardly detected in the tombs of the Ilkhanid period. The work of a large number of stonemasons in the Ahlatshah structures must have led to the desire of each craftsman to make his signature clear due to the resulting competition. In addition, since the signatures on the stone are engraved with different building tools, the depth may change. The presence of the stonemasonry sign in the muqarnas nest in the Usta Şagird Tomb indicates that some of these stonemasons can decorate at the same time. In addition, the mark that stands in a prominent place in this muqarnas ornament shows the effort of the stonemason to show his own work. In addition, the fact that there are two different signatures in this arrangement suggests that the people making this decoration work together. Similar stonemasonry signs can be seen in buildings of the same period or works built in different periods, as well as in different geographies of Anatolia in the same period. Researchers attribute this situation to groups of mobile craftsmen. For example, it is understood that some stonemasonry signs seen in Hüseyin-Timur and Usta Şagird Tombs were repeated in Güroymak Norşin Tomb and Ahlat Emir Bayındır Masjid. However, the fact that the same signs appear in different centuries actually shows that stonemason signatures are constantly used in the memory of architectural activities. In all the works that have reached to the present day, firstly the period it was made, the patron or the architect of the work are examined then the evaluations and analyzes were made. However, the masonry and stonemasons in the labor part were not mentioned much. The most important factor in this situation is the low historical records of these people. With the studies carried out, stonemasons and their signatures in history will be determined and the parts that are missing in the development adventure of Turkish-Islamic architecture will be tried to be completed. In addition, preservation of signed stones as much as possible and the determination of the quarry it comes from as a result of analyzes are important for the healthy conduction of renovation works. This statement is the first step of the extensive studies on the stonemasonry signs in the Lake Van basin. Keywords: Ahlat, Stonemason Marks ve Turkish-Islamic Structures