Techno-morphological features of the one category of the implements made of antler from the site near the village of Michnievičy (north-western Belarus) (in Russian) (original) (raw)
Related papers
T-shaped antler axes on the territory of Belarus
2020
T-shaped antler axes are widely represented in Western Europe, both by occasional findings and materials from well researched settlements. This type of axe is most often found on the Ertebelle culture sites in Denmark and on the northern coast of Germany. Products of this type are also known in the context of the Late Mesolithic and Early Neolithic settlements in the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Belgium. At the time of writing, 21 T-shaped antler axes are known in Belarus, as well as their production waste. The tools come from 11 locations. All locations are situated in western Belarus, in the basins of the Western Bug and Neman rivers. The presented artefacts have been found accidentally in river channels or in the coastal, often flooded zone. The locations do not have a clearly defined cultural and chronological context. In the location of Mikhnevichi, a few specific axe production wastes of this type have been discovered, indicating the existence of local production of these tools...
Transactions of the Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Science, 2018
Processing technology and use of 20 osseous articles from the Neolithic settlement of Kuzmichi 1 (IV - early II mil. BC) in the Minsk oblast of Belarus were studied within the framework of the experimental-traceological method. The accomplished analysis allowed to identify a bone perforator, a plane knife of wild boar tusk, a pendant made of bone or antler, a bone darthead, ornamented cups-bowls made of fresh-water turtle shell (Fig. 1; 2). The osseous materials were processed by means of flaking, longitudinal splitting and transversal breaking along previously prepared grooves, heat treating (boiling), planing and scraping with flint tools, abrasive grinding, drilling, incising (decorative incisions) with flint tools (Fig. 5, 2 ). Kuzmichi 1 is unique for the presence of fresh-water turtle shell fragments decorated with an incised pattern, that seem to have been used as vessels. Uncommon for the Neolithic of East Europe is also the technology employed to form the accommodation part of the knife made of wild boar tusk (Fig. 1, 1 ). Judging from bone remains, the production of bone articles took place directly on site. The obtained information enriches our knowledge of the Neolithic economy and culture on the territory of the present-day Belarus.
2017
Results of use-wear and experimental studies of Mesolithic materials from Eastern Europe indicate various methods of blanks production depending on peculiarities of osseous raw material and type of the tool produced. Employment of these methods and different ways of secondary treatment made possible to make all tools needed for hunting, fishing and household activities. It can be traced clearly that preference was made for use of specific bones of certain mammalian species. Bones and antler of elk – the main game animal in the Volga-Oka interfluve during the Mesolithic were mostly used. Main traditions and methods of bone/antler processing were formed in the region under study, like in the most part of Eastern Europe, already during the Early Mesolithic. They were developed later, new raw materials and approaches to treatment of bone and antler emerged, but the basic features of the bone industry were preserved. These features can be traced in full not only when analyzing finished bone and antler tools, but of their preforms and processing methods as well.
2017
The Upper Palaeolithic settlements Podgori, Cosautsi, and Rashcov 7 and 8 from Middle Dniester Area have yielded artifacts made from reindeer antlers that served as handles and cutting flint insert holders. Those antler artifacts studied by the authors are represented by hammer-like tools with hollow ends for flint tool fixation; straight and curved beams of variable length with narrow grooves on the end for cutting flint elements insertion; tube-like artifacts with through hollows; basal portions of antler beams with a special hollow for a flint insert and an opposing opening for flint element ejection; and a rare flint-tool holder made of antler beam with a longitudinal groove.
VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII № 4 (47) , 2019
The article describes morphological and typological characteristics of non-ferrous metal, determines the for-mulae of alloys, as well as identifies techniques used for the production of tools by the Alekseyevka-Sargary cul-ture from the South Trans-Urals (15th/14th and 12th/11th BC). We carried out the morphological and typological study of the non-ferrous metal along with the X-ray fluorescence (Institute of Archaeology RAS, Institute of Mine-ralogy UB RAS; X-MET3000TX analysers from Oxford Instruments Analytical, M1 Mistral from Bruker Nano GmbH) and metallographic (Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS; Zeiss Axio Observer D1m microscope) analyses. A total of 19 tools exhibiting morphology inherent to the tool collections of the Alekseyevka-Sargary culture were selected for the study. These tools comprised random finds and items from the settlements of the Chelyabinsk and Kurgan regions of Russia, as well as from the Kostanay Region of Kazakhstan: daggers, а spearhead, sick-les, socketed chisels, a spear end cap and single-blade knives. A group of tools and weapons characteristic of all Eurasian cordoned-ware cultures was distinguished — daggers with handguards and socketed grooved chisels. In addition, weapons characteristic of the sites attributed to the Alekseyevka-Sargary culture (Saryarka, Altai, and Semirechye) were identified within the weapon complex of the South Trans-Urals. These weapons included bush hooks of the Sosnovaya Maza type, knives having marked handles, spearheads with holes and socketed straight-blade chisels. The metal of the South Trans-Urals is distinguished by the marked heterogeneity of its chemical composition with the predominance of low-alloyed bronzes Cu–Sn, Cu–Sn–As and Cu–As (66.7 %). There are 4 pure copper items, as well as products from the complex alloy Cu–Sn–As–Ni–Co and products with elevated iron concentrations (up to 2.68 %). These data indicate that the population experimented in the course of metal-lurgical processing of raw materials; they transitioned to smelting metal from sulphide ores or to the smelting of copper with sulphide or silicate nickel ores of the Ufaley Massif (deposits in the Chelyabinsk Region). South Ural craftsmen produced bronze and copper primarily using technologies for casting tools in one-sided (with flat cov-ers) and two-sided moulds. The casting was followed by refining operations using the cold forming technology with the intervals of low-temperature forging modes. This choice of temperature is justified in the procession of low-alloyed bronze. Clearly, the centre for metal production of the Alekseyevka-Sargary culture in the South Trans-Urals was a metallurgical one, with the development of both oxidised and sulphide deposits in the South Urals. Innovative technologies of smelting copper with chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, and nickel-containing ores were introduced. The complex of tools attributed to the Alekseyevka-Sargary tribes from the Tobol area is generally identical to the bronze inventory from Saryarka, Altai and Kyrgyzstan. Local craftsmen employed the traditional technologies of processing copper and bronze commonly used in the centres for metal production throughout the area of the Alekseyevka-Sargary culture, working primarily with bronzes low-alloyed by tin. As in previous eras, tin ingots and products were delivered from Central Kazakhstan and Ore Altai, but in much smaller quantities. The small number of products and the data of an analytical study indicate the relocation of the main centres for metal production of the Alekseyevka-Sargary culture from the Urals region (as compared to the big centres of Petrovka and Alakul cultures) to Central and Eastern Kazakhstan, up to Xinjiang in China.
VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, 2022
In this paper, the chemical composition of tools and ingots of the Petrovka Culture of the Southern Trans-Urals and Middle Tobol region is characterized with identification of main recipes of the alloys using several analytical methods (spectral, X-ray fluorescence, and atomic emission spectrometry analyses carried out in the laboratories of the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Si-berian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences). The complexes of the Petrovka Culture of the Sou-thern Trans-Urals have been dated by a set of AMS 14C dates to 19th–18th centuries BCE. Recently introduced in the scientific discourse 27 AMS 14C dates (settlement of Stepnoe and burial grounds of Stepnoe 1, 7 and 25) established an ear-lier interval of the Petrovka series — 2133–1631 BCE and point to the synchroneity of the cultures at the northern periphery of the Sintashta area in the local micro-region of the Southern Trans-Urals. The results of the analytical study of 106 metal tools and 70 ingots of the Petrovka Culture of the Southern Trans-Urals and south of Western Siberia are reported. The statistical processing of the analytical results with plotting correlation diagrams of Sn–As, Sn–Pb, As–Ag, As–Sb, and a frequency distribution histogram for the proportions of Sn allowed casting the metal into 4 metallurgical groups — pure copper and tin, arsenic-tin and arsenic bronzes. The first group subdivided into oxide and sulfidic samples. According to the geochemical peculiarity of the metal from the metal industry centers of Ustie 1, Kulevchi 3 and Shibaevo 1, several sources of oxide-carbonated ores were utilized for copper smelting — malachite and azurite-malachite deposits, while sulfidic chalcocite-covelline ores, and sometimes chalcopyrite-pyrite depositions, were added to the melt as a flux agent. The admixture of sulfides was carried out as an experiment and was not purposeful. Petrovka metallurgists supplied copper to the workshops of the Middle Tobol region — the sites of Ubagan 1, 2, 3 and Kamyshnoe 1, 2. The centers of the Petrovka Culture of the Southern Trans-Urals were domi-nated by the production of pure copper implements, including the metal smelted from the oxidized ore. To a lesser extent, low-alloyed bronze was used — Cu+Sn, Cu+Sn+As and Cu+As, whose feedstock was supplied by the kin-dred tribes of Central and Eastern Kazakhstan in the form of ingots and finished products along the eastern part of the Trans-Eurasian transport corridor of metal trade — over the Turgay trough and further along the extensive river system of the Tobol River and its tributaries. The highest concentration of tools of alloyed bronzes was recorded in the burial grounds of the Middle Tobol, which can be explained from the point of view of the prestige value of such goods and observance of special ceremonial practices.
2017
The article examines a large number of archeological artifacts found on the territory of the Narovchat fortified settlement stored within collections of museums and archaeological laboratories now. Narovchat fortified settlement is an archaeological monument of the Golden Horde (the 14th century). Another name for this settlement is the town of Mohshi. It was a major regional center of the Golden Horde. In the 17th century the Russian town of Narovchat was built here. On this territory there were two different settlements. It was the town of Mohshy (the time of its foundation – the 14th century) and Narovchath (the time of its foundation – the 17th century). The cultural layer of the settlement is mixed. Many archeological artifacts have no localization. Some archaeological artifacts can not be dated. The finds of woodworking tools are analyzed in the article. Each artifact was studied and dated. There are many axes in the collections of museums and archaeological laboratories. But all axes do not have localization. There is no evidence that axes connected with the town of Mohshy. Some tools are dated back to the Golden Horde time. This is a fragment of hacksaw, a cooperage tool, etc. These artifacts indicate the existence of woodworking craft with use of some technical methods such as cutting, sawing, planning etc.
Pankovskiy V.B. Bone, antler, and horn industries of the Late Bronze Age in the North Pontic area. – Manuscript. PhD thesis in historical science, speciality 07.00.04 – Archaeology. – The Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. – Kyiv, 2012. The systematization and explanation of the industries in the Sabatynivka and the Bilozerka cultures (SC, BC; BrВ1-HaB1) is an issue that has been reflected in scholarly works on the limited basis; numerous functional classifications lost their cognitive sense, skipping both archaeological and natural expertise. The principles of the study include the systemic strategy of typology, the universal categorical model of archaeological procedures, and the nuclear conception of cultural genesis. The database contains 1329 objects from 140 sites. The comparative materials are represented by 1275 objects\369 sites. The structure, technology, and functions of 986 objects\41 sites were studied de visu. The accomodat, modificat (both natural and partial), and convertat were defined as classes that determine degrees of man-made changes in raw materials. A series of experiments with the processing of sheepskin revealed the purpose of the scapular notched breakers. Variability in jawbone scrapers-breakers indicates that they were designed either for right- or left-handed person. The use-wear of the card spikes led us to reject some accepted notions (loom; twisting-, spinning-, knitting-needles). Other categories include variety of scrapers, thong-smoother, scoop, scaler, spattle, hammers, chisels, adzes, potter's punch, combs, markers, netting implements, and nozzles. The author discusses skates, hucklebones, dolls-idols, sound instruments, utensils, arrowheads and nocks, harpoon points, fish hooks, costume accessories, decorations, and the bridle furniture. The belt hooks have been singled out from the obsolete class of the hook-shaped cheekpieces; they are similar to those on the Tajik girdles or to the images carved on the deer stones. N-accomodats (e. g. talus) are rare; p-accomodats are recognizable among some qualified fragments. N-modificats are, in fact, the improved accomodats (breaker, skates etc.). P-modificats are clearly seen in the tubular bones (e. g. whorls). Convertats were made from the parts where the basic amount of material was carved away. The antler and the saiga horns were used as a whole and partially. Nearly each type used “its own” skeletal element. The raw material reflects the ways of faunal exploitation. According to the analysis of skills and tools, the established, yet variable, objects were produced and used individually. It follows from the correlation of functional and techno classes that industries of the BC were inherited in toto from the SC. As types, metapodial or radial skates were rejected by S.A. Semenov, and the revision is still accepted bona fide by many. It is the trap for scholars who do not believe in the use-wear media and deny the reasons behind the need in skating. The combinations of modes in skates define the Sabatynivka, the Berezhnovka-Maiovka, and the Noua forms developed into the Bilozerka ones, while the Berezhnovka-Maiovka, the post-Berezhnovka-Maiovka, and the Sargary do not differ much. The ice- and snow-skates were treated, by virtue of magic beliefs, like a part, incarnation, and substitute of a horse. In the winter time, equine mobility was reduced because of lack of roads, and chionophobia. Metalworking and skates typically go side by side, and the blanks bear the traces of hot alloy. Thus, metalworking circuit found its support in skates instead of real horses; slaughters supplied it with bones in the late fall. The SC inherited some types from the MBA cultural milieu, the Volga-Ural, Carpathian-Danube, and the Caucasian centers. The whorls’ classes go back to the Pontic and Maeotis-Caspian area, and due to the Volga-Ural area they have been distributed up to the limits of the super-region. In regard to the rod-shaped cheekpieces, the author singles out the Ural-Kazakhstan series that goes back to the Alakul forms. The cheekpieces with strap slots (Usatove) take their place among the initial forms alongside types with round strap holes (Dereivka). The SC, the Noua, the Coslogeni, the Berezhnovka-Maiovka, and the Sargary compose the techno-complex. The shape, purpose, and natural configuration are closely interrelated. Correlation of the alloys and skeletal materials was determined by a technical level of the given time. Cultural inertia which is more considerable in tools and stimulated revival which is the same to accessories have an effect upon mobility in fractions. Hence, it is only an archaeological culture that can be used for comprehension of a variety of forms. The specialization in the field of antler processing appeared up to the HaA1. Key words: the Bilozerka culture, the Late Bronze Age, industry, bone, cultural genesis, the North Pontic area, horn, the Sabatynivka culture, antler.
The research of flint implements on Kyrylivska site.
Naukovi Studii: collection of the scientific works, 2015
This text presents the analysis of lithic artefacts from investigated by V. Khvoiko Kyrylivska Upper Palaeolithic location, which are deposited in funds of different museums. By this research provides cultural-chronological and functional interpretation of the site. Keywords: Eastern Europe, Middle Dnipro region, Upper Palaeolithic, Kyrylivska site, flint complex. В цій роботі аналізуються крем ’яні артефакти з досліджень В. Хвойки Кирилівської верхньопалеолітичної стоянки, які зберігаються у фондах кількох музеїв. Дослідження крем ’яного комплексу дозволяє зробити такі висновки: 1. За характерними особливостями обробки крем ’яний інвентар стоянки демонструє значні відмінності від інших пам ’яток межиріцької культури Середнього Подніпров ’я. Як за технологією виробництва, так і за радіо-вуглецевим датуванням, найближчі аналогії матеріал знаходить в пізньограветських індустріях Східної Європи. 2. Колекції крем ’яних виробів обох шарів стоянки являються цілком подібними за технікою первинної та вторинної обробки сировини, але досить різняться між собою за відсотковим складом різних категорій знарядь праці. 3. Це дає можливість стверджувати єдність структури стоянки, яка складалась з декількох функціонально різних ділянок - підвищеної житлової ділянки з рештками жител у вигляді чітких лінзоподібних скупчень матеріалу («верхній шар»), де відбувалась основна господарська діяльність мешканців - виготовлення знарядь, утилізація здобичі тощо; та кістковища - природного чи антропогенного скупчення фауністичних решток, яке активно використовувалось людьми. Використання цього кістковища можливо мало епізодичний, сезонний характер, про що свідчить наявність декількох прошарків як у «верхньому», так і в «нижньому» шарах. Ключові слова: Східна Європа, Середнє Подніпров ’я, верхній палеоліт, Кирилівська стоянка, крем’яний комплекс.