Comparison of Upper and Lower Pharyngeal Airway Dimension And Hyoid Bone Position in Subjects with Normodivergent and Hyperdivergent Facial Patterns in Class I and Class II Malocclusions –A Cephalometric Study (original) (raw)
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Orthodontic Journal of Nepal
Introduction: An interaction can be seen between respiratory function and the maxillary growth pattern. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess and compare the pharyngeal airway width of individuals with different growth patterns in skeletal class I malocclusion. Materials and Method: Analytical cross-sectional study was done to assess total of 60 cephalometric radiographs of individuals with skeletal class I malocclusion pattern selected through convenience sampling method. McNamara analysis was done to measure the width of upper and lower pharyngeal space. Statistical analysis was done in SPSS version 20. One way ANOVA and Post Hoc test were done to determine the mean difference of upper and lower pharyngeal airway space width in between individuals of skeletal class I malocclusion with different growth pattern. Result: There was no significant mean difference in upper pharyngeal airway space (p=0.201) seen in between three growth patterns of individuals with class I maloccl...
Aims To compare the upper and lower pharyngeal airways. whose existing records were available in the Department of Orthodontics. For the purpose of collection of the pre-treated cephalograms, the sample population in this study was segregated into 3 groups, with each group comprising of 30 individuals. The sample population of Group 1 comprised patients with Class I malocclusion, and on the basis of the growth pattern of the malocclusion, this group was further sectioned into Class I with vertical growth pattern and Class I with normal growth pattern. Similarly, the sample population of Group 2 comprised patients with Class II malocclusion, and the patients with Class III malocclusion, subsequent to the determination of their skeletal relation, were categorized as Group 3.The skeletal relation and the pattern of growth were ascertained in all the patients in the groups, and the upper and lower pharyngeal airways were evaluated using Mc Namara's airway analysis. Results and Conclusion Statistically significant outcome in the Class I, Class II and Class III malocclusions was achieved in the upper and lower pharyngeal airways between normal and vertical growth patterns. Nevertheless, on independently contrasting the Class I, Class II and Class III malocclusions and their patterns of growth, we observed no statistically significant difference. In addition, the results of these comparisons on considering the pharyngeal airway spaces generated statistically significant variations, except in the Class I versus Class II groups.
Pharyngeal airway parameters in subjects with Class I malocclusion with different growth patterns
Journal of Orthodontic Research, 2015
Objectives: (1) To test the null hypothesis that there are no signifi cant difference in the pharyngeal airway in subjects with Class I malocclusion with different growth patterns. (2) To test the null hypothesis that there are no signifi cant difference in dentofacial structure in subjects with Class I malocclusion with different growth patterns. Materials and Methods: Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 120 skeletally Class I were separated into three groups according to the SN-MP angle. Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 39 low angle, 45 high angle and 36 normal angle were examined. Group difference were analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey test, at the P < 0.05 level. Results: For pharyngeal airway measurements statistically signifi cant difference were found in pharyngeal airway length, and D5 (retroepiglottal) pharyngeal width. No statistically signifi cant sagittal pharyngeal (D1-D5) parameters difference were determined between low angle and normal angle subjects. High angle subjects had lower sagittal pharyngeal D2 (retropalatal) and D5 (retroepiglottal) parameters than those with low and normal angle, additionally in high angle subjects had lower D1 (retropalatal) and D4 (retroglossal) parameters than those with normal angle subjects. According to ANOVA only 1 out of 9 dentofacial measurements showed not statistically signifi cant difference among different growth patterns. Conclusion: The null hypothesis was rejected. Signifi cant difference in pharyngeal airway measurements and dentofacial morphology of Class I subjects with different growth patterns were identifi ed.
Contemporary clinical dentistry, 2014
The hyoid bone and its relation with the pharyngeal space in health and disease has been an intriguing subject for years. This study attempts to evaluate the hyoid bone position and to ascertain any correlations with pharyngeal airway space in skeletal class I, II, and III malocclusions. McNamara's airway analysis was carried out to assess the upper and lower airway widths and Hyoid triangle analysis by Bibby and Preston was carried out to determine the position of the hyoid bone. A positive correlation was found between the lower airway and horizontal distance from the hyoid bone to the retrognathion in class I skeletal pattern with average growth pattern.
PHARYNGEAL AIRWAY SPACE IN DIFFERENT SKELETAL MALOCCLUSION AND FACIAL FORMS
Background: Evaluation of the upper and lower airway space should be an integral part of diagnosis and treatment planning to achieve the functional balance and stability of the result after orthodontic or orthognathic treatment. This study aimed to analyze the pharyngeal airway space in different skeletal malocclusion and facial forms. Methods: Study was carried out in lateral cephalometric radiographs of 210 patients. Data was collected from March 2021 to December 2021. Pharyngeal airway spaces were analyzed according to McNamara Analysis. Upper and lower pharyngeal airway in different skeletal malocclusion and facial form was determined. Data was analyzed in SPSS version 20. Independent samples-t test was applied for gender distribution and Pearson correlation test was applied for upper and lower pharyngeal space. Results: The mean value of upper pharyngeal airway width in Class I, II and III were 12.07 mm, 11.57 mm and 12.34 mm respectively and for Mesofacial, Dolichofacial and Brachyfacial facial form were 12.35 mm, 11.83 mm and 11.81 mm respectively. Similarly, the mean value for lower pharyngeal airway width in Class I, II and III were 9.51 mm, 9.13 mm and 10.03 mm respectively and for Mesofacial, Dolichofacial and Brachyfacial facial form were 9.62 mm, 9.34 mm and 9.61mm respectively. Male had higher value of mean lower pharyngeal width than female. Conclusions: There was no impact of sagittal skeletal malocclusion on the upper and lower airways width. Also, there was no impact of different vertical skeletal types or facial forms on the upper and lower airways width.
Pharyngeal Airway Space Dimensions and Hyoid Bone Position in Various Craniofacial Morphologies
2021
To assess the relationship of pharyngeal airway dimensions and the position of the hyoid bone in several craniofacial morphologies among Nepali adults. To assess the relationship between dimensions of the pharyngeal airway and position of the hyoid bone and compare gender dimorphism. The cross-sectional observational research comprised lateral cephalograms of 150 subjects aged 16 to 30 years. Samples were separated into three sagittal craniofacial morphological groups based on the ANB (A point, nasion, B point) angle and into gender groups. Different parameters (linear and angular) for measuring dimensions of the pharyngeal airway and position of the hyoid bone were assessed. An ANOVA test and a Pearson correlation test were performed. Dimensions of the pharyngeal airway were largest in skeletal Class III when compared to skeletal Class I and Class II subjects, with a lower pharyngeal airway space and the length of the nasal fossa being significantly larger. The hyoid bone was anter...
Evaluation of Pharyngeal Space in Different Combinations of Class II Skeletal Malocclusion
Acta Informatica Medica, 2015
The study was aimed to evaluate the pharyngeal airway linear measurements of untreated skeletal class II subjects with normal facial vertical pattern in prognathic maxilla with orthognathic mandible and orthognathic maxilla with retrognathic mandible. Materials and method: the sample comprised of lateral Cephalograms of two groups (30 each) of class II malocclusion variants. Group 1 comprised of class II malocclusion with prognathic maxilla and orthognathic mandible, whereas group 2 comprised of class II malocclusion with orthognathic maxilla and retrognathic mandible. Each group was traced for the linear measurements of the pharyngeal airway like the oropharynx, nasopharynx and soft palate. The obtained data was subjected to independent t test and the Mann Whitney test to check the difference between the two groups and within the groups respectively. Results: there was significant difference between all the linear measurements at the soft palate region and the distance between the tip of soft palate to its counter point on the pharyngeal wall in oropharynx region (p-ppm). Conclusion: the pharyngeal airway for class II malocclusion with various combination in an average growth pattern adult showed significant difference. The present results suggested, that the pharyngeal airway space might be the etiological factor for different sagittal growth pattern of the jaws and probable usage of different growth modification appliance can influence the pharyngeal airway.
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 2006
Associations of Class II malocclusions and vertical growth pattern with obstruction of the upper and lower pharyngeal airways and mouth breathing have been suggested. This implies that these malocclusion characteristics have a predisposing anatomical factor for these problems. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare upper and lower pharyngeal widths in patients with untreated Class I and Class II malocclusions and normal and vertical growth patterns. Methods: The sample comprised 80 subjects divided into 2 groups: 40 Class I and 40 Class II, subdivided according to growth pattern into normal and vertical growers. The upper and lower pharyngeal airways were assessed according to McNamara's airways analysis. The intergroup comparison of the upper and lower airways was performed with 1-way ANOVA and the Tukey test as a second step. Results: The results showed that the upper pharyngeal width in the subjects with Class I and Class II malocclusions and vertical growth patterns was statistically significantly narrower than in the normal growth-pattern groups. Conclusions: Subjects with Class I and Class II malocclusions and vertical growth patterns have significantly narrower upper pharyngeal airways than those with Class I and Class II malocclusions and normal growth patterns. However, malocclusion type does not influence upper pharyngeal airway width, and malocclusion type and growth pattern do not influence lower pharyngeal airway width. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006;130:742-5)
Pharyngeal airway dimensions in skeletal class II: A cephalometric growth study
Imaging Science in Dentistry, 2017
Purpose: This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal dimensions of individuals with skeletal class II, division 1 and division 2 patterns during the pre-peak, peak, and post-peak growth periods for comparison with a skeletal class I control group. Materials and Methods: Totally 124 lateral cephalograms (47 for skeletal class I; 45 for skeletal class II, division 1; and 32 for skeletal class II, division 2) in pre-peak, peak, and post-peak growth periods were selected from the department archives. Thirteen landmarks, 4 angular and 4 linear measurements, and 4 proportional calculations were obtained. The ANOVA and Duncan test were applied to compare the differences among the study groups during the growth periods. Results: Statistically significant differences were found between the skeletal class II, division 2 group and other groups for the gonion-gnathion/sella-nasion angle. The sella-nasion-B-point angle was different among the groups, while the A-point-nasion-B-point angle was significantly different for all 3 groups. The nasopharyngeal airway space showed a statistically significant difference among the groups throughout the growth periods. The interaction among the growth periods and study groups was statistically significant regarding the upper oropharyngeal airway space measurement. The lower oropharyngeal airway space measurement showed a statistically significant difference among the groups, with the smallest dimension observed in the skeletal class II, division 2 group. Conclusion: The naso-oropharyngeal airway dimensions showed a statistically significant difference among the class II, division 1; class II, division 2; and class I groups during different growth periods.
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 2013
The objective of this study was to characterize the volume and the morphology of the pharyngeal airway in adolescent subjects, relating them to their facial skeletal pattern. Methods: Fifty-four subjects who had cone-beam computed tomography were divided into 3 groups-skeletal Class I, Class II, and Class IIIaccording to their ANB angles. The volumes of the upper pharyngeal portion and nasopharynx, and the volume and morphology of the lower pharyngeal portion and its subdivisions (velopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx) were assessed with software (version 11.5; Dolphin Imaging & Management Solutions, Chatsworth, Calif). The results were compared with the Kruskal-Wallis and the Dunn multiple comparison tests to identify intergroup differences. Correlations between variables assessed were tested by the Spearman correlation coefficient. Correlations between the logarithms of airway volumes and the ANB angle values were tested as continuous variables with linear regression, considering the sexes as subgroups. Results: The minimum areas in the Class II group (112.9 6 42.9, 126.9 6 45.9, and 142.1 6 83.5 mm 2) were significantly smaller than in Class III group (186.62 6 83.2, 234.5 6 104.9, and 231.1 6 111.4 mm 2) for the lower pharyngeal portion, the velopharynx, and the oropharynx, respectively, and significantly smaller than the Class I group for the velopharynx (201.8 6 94.7 mm 2). The Class II group had a statistically significant different morphology than did the Class I and Class III groups in the velopharynx. There was a tendency to decreased airway volume with increased ANB angle in the lower pharyngeal portion, velopharynx, and oropharynx. In the upper pharyngeal portion, nasopharynx, and hypopharynx, there seemed to be no association between the airway volume and the skeletal pattern. Conclusions: The Class II subjects had smaller minimum and mean areas (lower pharyngeal portion, velopharynx, and oropharynx) than did the Class III group and significantly less uniform velopharynx morphology than did the Class I and Class III groups. A negative correlation was observed between the ANB value and airway volume in the lower pharyngeal portion and the velopharynx (both sexes) and in the oropharynx (just in male subjects). (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2013;143:799-809) T he upper airway is a structure responsible for one of the main vital functions in the human organism-breathing. The interest in studying the upper airway has always been present in orthodontics, and 1 main objective is to clarify the relationship between pharynx structures and craniofacial complex growth and development. 1-4 Obstructive processes of morphologic, physiologic, or pathologic nature, such as hypertrophy of adenoids and tonsils, chronic and allergic rhinitis, irritant environmental factors, infections, congenital nasal deformities, nasal traumas, polyps, and tumors, are predisposing factors to a blocked upper airway. When that happens, a functional imbalance results in an oral breathing pattern that can alter facial morphology and dental arch forms, generating a malocclusion. 2,5,6 Considering the functional matrix theory proposed by Moss, 7 the association of respiratory and masticatory functions and swallowing might act on craniofacial development.