ҐРУНТОЗНАВСТВО Й АГРОХІМІЯ У ЛЬВІВСЬКОМУ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОМУ АГРАРНОМУ УНІВЕРСИТЕТІ КРІЗЬ ПРИЗМУ СТОЛІТЬ (original) (raw)

ҐРУНТОЗНАВСТВО Й АГРОХІМІЯ У ЛЬВІВСЬКОМУ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОМУ АГРАРНОМУ УНІВЕРСИТЕТІ КРІЗЬ ПРИЗМУ СТОЛІТЬ

SOIL SCIENCE AND AGROCHEMISTRY AT THE LVIV NATIONAL AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY THROUGH THE PRISM OF CENTURIES Hnativ P. S., Dr.Sci., Prof., V. V. Snitinsky, Academician of the NAAS, Dr.Sci., Prof., prof. Lviv National Agrarian University Formulation of the problem. The need for agrochemical service of agricultural producers arose even when they did not use such phrases as agrochemistry or agrochemical service. The history of the problem returns us back to the middle of the 19th century. For the first time in Dublyany were founded the soil sciences and soil chemistry – agronomic chemistry, that is called agrochemistry nowadays. The Department of Agrochemistry was established in Kyiv (now NUBiP) in 1921 on the basis of the Agronomy Faculty of Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, in Uman (now the Uman NUG) in 1928, and in Kharkiv (now the V. V. Dokuchaev KhNAU) in 1934. Setting objectives. The purpose of the article is to carry out a retrospective analysis of the development of soil sciences and agrochemical sciences and to outline the prospects for further progress in the fertilizing for the cultivation of high and eco-friendly crops. Presenting main material. Professor Josef Mikulovsky-Pomorskiy, a graduate of the Agronomy Faculty of Riga Polytechnic, worked as a lecturer in agrochemistry since 1900, and since 1906 till 1911 he was the rector of the Agricultural Academy in Dubnlany. Juzef Mikulowski-Pomorski is the founder of the agrochemical school in Eastern Galicia. He started to do research in agrochemistry at a high scientific level. In 1904 the professor founded the Agrochemistry research station in Dublyany. The Department of Agrochemistry in Dublyany, as a separate structure, was established in 1919 under the Ruthenian-Forest Faculty of Lviv Polytechnic. Prof. Marian Gursky was the founder and the first official head until 1923. The institution of higher education called Lviv Agricultural Institute was restored in Dublyany in 1946. Associate Professor Mikhail Borisovich Gilis headed the Department of Agrochemistry. Assistant professor Grigory Andryushchenko, assistant, and since 1952 associate professor Ivan Nikolayevich Gogolev and others started to work at the department. The Council of Ministers of Ukraine issued a special decree №1093 "On conducting soil survey ...", which in the same year was detailed by the order of the Ministry of Agriculture and during 1957-1962 large-scale surveys of lands of Ukraine and other republics were conducted. It gave a strong impetus to the development of soil sciences and agrochemistry in the country. In the course of the 1962-1963 school year in Dublyany, the Department of Agrochemistry and Soil Sciences was divided into two departments. It was a logical solution, because the population of the planet tripled for a half century at that time and reached 3 billion people. The newly established Department of Soil Sciences was headed by associate professor G. O. Andrushchenko. His dissertation paper "Questions of genesis, patterns of their distribution and increase of soil fertility in the western regions of the Ukrainian SSR", and the book in two parts "Soils of the western regions of the Ukrainian SSR" (1970) is still relevant, indispensable and cited in Ukraine and abroad. The period of G. A. Andrushchenko's work was the most productive and was known as a "golden" period of soil science in Ukraine. In 1972 the Department of Soil Sciences and Agrochemistry was headed by Associate Professor G. I. Krylova, in 1995 – prof. R. M. Panas, 1999 – prof. A. G. Dzubaylo, 2003 – Associate Professor V. I. Lopushnyak, 2015 – Associate Professor M. М. Vyslobodska (Poluhovych). Professors M. B. Gilis, G. O. Andrushchenko (however, the VAK of the USSR rejected the award for political reasons), R. M. Panas, A. G. Dzhubaylo, V. I. Lopushnyak, P. S. Hnativ took Doctor’s degrees at the Department of Agrochemistry and Soil Sciences in all its post-war history. The Department of Agrochemistry and Soil Sciences is headed by the candidate selected by the competition, prof. P. S. Hnativ since 2018. There are 6 candidates of sciences in the department, 3 of them have the titles of associate professors (M. M. Vyslobodska (Polukhovich), V. Ya. Ivanyuk, N. I. Lagush), three senior teachers (B. I. Parhuts, O. V. Hashkevych, N. I. Vega), senior laboratory assistant (O. I. Sudova) and head of the research agrochemical laboratory (R. I. Kunynets). Today the Department of Agrochemistry and Soil Sciences LNAU is working on solving urgent problems: preservation of soil fertility; Remediation of disturbed lands in landscape agroecosystems; soil contamination; ecologically safe and economically advantageous fertilizer systems and foundations of organic agriculture; application of new types of fertilizers; rational fertilizer of energy crops. The increase of amount of mineral fertilizers on the fields during almost a century and a half provided parallel, an increase in crop yield and grain harvest in the world. Over-capture with nitrogen fertilizers during 1978-1988 did not ensure grain yield growth in EU countries. At the same time, the high cost of fossil phosphorus and potassium fertilizers inhibits their scientifically based application to the present. Conclusion. The rise in the production of chemical fertilizers will continue, because a part of humanity is still starving. The volume of organic matter entering the soil should increase, as agronomists around the world finally have seen the negative impact of purely chemical fertilize of soils both on the position of agrochemistry and on the position of organic agriculture and eco-friendly food. Systems of precise and micronutrient leaf-fertilize of crops will be improved, and the forms of fertilizers for rejuvenation will be changed. The introduction of fertilizers during vegetation together with the treatment of pesticides will be practiced every time more systematically. Thus, the actuality of knowledge of soil chemistry and ecology, the newest public significance of soil science, as well as the corresponding fundamental sciences on plant nutrition, has never grown more than ever.