Hungarians, Germans, and Serbs in Wartime Vojvodina (original) (raw)
Related papers
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HISTORY OF THE HUNGARIAN ETHNIC MAPPING
ADALÉKOK A MAGYAR ETNIKAI TÉRKÉPEZÉS TÖRTÉNETÉHEZ Összefoglalás Az Európában egyik legrégibb múltra visszatekintő magyar, vagy magyarországi etnikai jellegű térképezés főként annak köszönheti eddigi különösen nagy termékenységét, hogy a Kárpát-medence területe a 17-18. század óta etnikai-nyelvi szempontból Európa etnikai-vallási szempontból egyik legtarkább népességű és éppen ezért -a felvilágosodás, a nemzeti ébredés kora óta -etnikai feszültségekkel egyik legjobban terhelt területének számít. A Magyar Királyság népeinek középkori békés együttélését fokozatosan ellenségessé változtató elmúlt két évszázad során, jórészt a nemzetiségek irredenta mozgalmai miatt, a tarka etnikai struktúra térbeli vetületének kutatása, térképezése emberek ezreinek-millióinak sorsát befolyásoló tényezővé vált. Írásunkban ennek a több mint két évszázados, a mindenkori politikai eseményekkel összefüggésben változó intenzitású, a Kárpát-medence területéhez kapcsolódó magyar etnikai térképezési tevékenység történetét szeretnénk vázolni.
Ethnicity and Politics: Censuses in the Austro-Hungarian Empire (Case Study: Transylvania, 1869-1910
In parallel with the process of modernization in the second half of the nineteenth century, very many European countries experienced significant ethno-linguistic changes. These were highly visible even in what concerns the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy, which was, until its collapse in 1918, one of the most mosaic-like countries of Europe in terms of ethnicity, language and religion. Transylvania after 1867, as part of the Eastern half of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire, was in its turn highly ethnically heterogeneous. Besides Romanians, the province was also inhabited by Hungarians, Germans, Jews, Slovaks, Serbs, Armenians, Gypsies and others. We intend through this proposal, by using the case study of Transylvania, to examine the criteria used by the Austrian-Hungarian authorities to define ethnicity. We will analyze in this respect the censuses from 1869, 1880, 1890, 1900 and 1910, focusing as well on how the structure of nationalities has evolved in Transylvania during this period. In order to gain a more thorough understanding of these processes, we also propose an evaluation of the demographic policy during dualism.
The history of the ethnic borderlands of Hungary and Romania in the years 1867–1944 were marked by changing national borders, ethnic conflicts and economic problems. Using a local case study of the city and county of Szatmár/Satu-Mare, this thesis investigates the practice and social mechanisms of economic nationalizing. It explores the interplay between ethno-national and economic factors, and furthermore analyses what social mechanisms lead to and explain inclusion, exclusion and annihilation. The underlying principle of economic nationalizing in both countries was the separation of citizens into ethnic categories and the establishment of a dominant core nation entitled to political and economic privileges from the state. National leaders implemented a policy of economic nationalizing that exploited and redistributed resources taken from the minorities. To pursue this end, leaders instrumentalized ethnicity, which institutionalized inequality and ethnic exclusion. This process of ethnic, and finally racial, exclusion marked the whole period and reached its culmination in the annihilation of the Jews throughout most of Hungary in 1944. For nearly a century, ethnic exclusion undermined the various nationalizing projects in the two countries: the Magyarization of the minorities in dualist Hungary (1867–1918); the Romanianization of the economy of the ethnic borderland in interwar Romania (1918–1940); and finally the re-Hungarianization of the economy in Second World War Hungary (1940–1944). The extreme case of exclusion, namely the Holocaust, revealed that the path of exclusion brought nothing but destruction for everyone. This reinforces the thesis that economic nationalizing through the exclusion of minorities induces a vicious circle of ethnic bifurcation, political instability and unfavorable conditions for achieving economic prosperity. Exclusion served the short-term elite’s interest but undermined the long-term nation’s ability to prosper.
Transformations of the ethnic structure in Hungary after the turn of the millennium
The paper studies the changes concerning the ethnic structure of post-socialist Hungary. Based on the data of the 2011 census, the number of the non-Hungarian population has signicantly increased between 2001 and 2011 and so has had the number of those who refused to answer. Behind this phenomenon several reasons can be identied, like the methodical changes in the data collection of the census, migration and subjective factors. Regarding the methodology, double identication in three ethnic categories was allowed in the last census, which resulted in the growing number of respondents who claimed both Hungarian and minority identity. Meanwhile, migration (including cross-border residential mobility) from Romania, Ukraine, Serbia and Slovakia has changed the ethnic landscape. Beyond the above factors, subjective factors have also contributed in the changes. The present paper argues that the self-identication of some minority groups is related to the symbolic ethnicity and the double and hybrid identities, thus the results of the census cannot be interpreted merely by the assimilationist approach.
ETHNIC AND CLASS IDENTITY FORMATION WITHIN THE GERMANS OF HUNGARY
The National Council for Eurasian and East European Research, 2006
This report focuses on the reasons why the three largest German-speaking minority groups in Hungary, reacted so radically different to the partitioning of the Hungarian Kingdom following the end of World War One. When Hungary was partitioned, the Zipsers who were now under Czechoslovak administration wanted to become part of Hungary again, the Saxons who were part of Romania celebrated their divorce from Hungary, and the Schwabs were unhappy with being in Hungary. The Germans who were out wanted back in, others who were out were celebrating their exit, and those Germans who remained in Hungary wanted out. What explains such vastly different reactions? Why is one German group patriotic, while the other two disillusioned with the Hungarian state? How different were these German groups? In studying the different reactions of these three different German-speaking groups, this essay will evidence that a strong correlation exists between the class position of each group and the type of ethno-national identity they develop. Or in other words, class plays a profound influence in ethno-identity formation.
2007
By the early 1940s, some influential members within the Hungarian government, the Catholic and Reform Churches, and secular institutions began advocating for the "hazatelepítés"—the resettlement "home"—of the Székelys of Bukovina and the Moldavian Csángós into the territory of Hungary. This was not merely the issuance of repatriation papers. Rather, it was a systematic attempt to relocate thousands of Hungarian-speaking Catholic and Protestant villagers from Greater Romania, induced by promises of reallocated property within southern Hungary and financial assistance from the Hungarian government. In addition, an appeal was made to their sense of Hungarian national consciousness—and where this national consciousness did not already exist, especially in the case of the Moldavian Csángós, an attempt was made to cultivate it.