CSAR: Cooperative Stability Aware Routing Scheme for Acoustic Wireless Sensor Networks (original) (raw)
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Symmetry
The protocols in underwater acoustic wireless sensor networks (UAWSNs) that address reliability in packets forwarding usually consider the connectivity of the routing paths up to one- or two-hops. Since senor nodes are connected with one another using other nodes in their neighborhood, such protocols have compromised reliability. It is because these protocols do not guarantee the presence of neighbors beyond the selected one- or two-hops for connectivity and path establishment. This is further worsened by the harshness and unpredictability of the underwater scenario. In addition, establishment of the routing paths usually requires the nodes’ undersea geographical locations, which is infeasible because currents in water cause the nodes to move from one position to another. To overcome these challenges, this paper presents two routing schemes for UAWSNs: reliability-aware routing (RAR) and reliability-aware cooperative routing with adaptive amplification (RACAA). RAR considers complet...
Energy and Path-Aware-Reliable Routing in Underwater Acoustic Wireless Sensor Networks
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2022
In underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs), energy awareness, best path selection, reliability, and scalability are among the key factors that decide information delivery to the sea surface. Existing protocols usually do not combine such performanceaffecting factors in information routing. As a result, the performance of such protocols usually deteriorates if multiple performance factors are taken into account. To cope with such performance deterioration, this article proposes two routing protocols for UASNs: energy and path-aware reliable routing (EPRR) and cooperative EPRR (Co-EPRR). Compared with the counterpart systems, the proposed protocols have been designed to deal with the problem of long propagation delays and achieve network reliability. The EPRR scheme uses nodes' physical distance from the surface with its depth, which minimized the delay of packet transmission. The channel interaction time has been reduced, therefore, reducing unwanted channel effects on the data. Furthermore, the density of the nodes in the upper part of the network prevents data loss and limits the rapid death of the nodes. The second proposed scheme, Co-EPRR, uses the concept of routing information from the source to the destination on multiple paths. In Co-EPRR routing, the destination node can receive more than one copy of the data packet. This reduces unfavorable channel effects during data delivery. Both the schemes show good performance in terms of packet delivery ratio, received packet analysis, and end-to-end delay.
MDPI-energies, 2019
Owing to the harsh and unpredictable behavior of the sea channel, network protocols that combat the undesirable and challenging properties of the channel are of critical significance. Protocols addressing such challenges exist in literature. However, these protocols consume an excessive amount of energy due to redundant packets transmission or have computational complexity by being dependent on the geographical positions of nodes. To address these challenges, this article designs two protocols for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). The first protocol, depth and noise-aware routing (DNAR), incorporates the extent of link noise in combination with the depth of a node to decide the next information forwarding candidate. However, it sends data over a single link and is, therefore, vulnerable to the harshness of the channel. Therefore, routing in a cooperative fashion is added to it that makes another scheme called cooperative DNAR (Co-DNAR), which uses source-relay-destination triplets in information advancement. This reduces the probability of information corruption that would otherwise be sent over a single source-destination link. Simulations-backed results reveal the superior performance of the proposed schemes over some competitive schemes in consumed energy, packet advancement to destination, and network stability.
Cooperative, reliable, and stability-aware routing for underwater wireless sensor networks
International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks
In underwater wireless sensor networks, stability and reliability of the network are of paramount importance. Stability of the network ensures persistent operation of the network that, in consequence, avoids data loss when nodes consume all the battery power and subject to death. Particularly, nodes bearing a low pressure of water die early in the usual routing approach due to being preferred choices for data routing. Reliability ensures minimization of the adverse channel effects on data packets so that the desired information is easily extracted from these packets. This article proposes two routing protocols for underwater wireless sensor networks: reliable and stability-aware routing and cooperative reliable and stability-aware routing. In reliable and stability-aware routing, energy assignment to a node is made on the basis of its depth. Sensor nodes having the lowest depth are assigned the highest amount of energy. This energy assignment is called the energy grade of a node and...
IEEE Access, 2019
Owning to the vital resources in a harsh and unforeseeable aqueous environment, the network stability and reliability in underwater acoustic wireless sensor networks (UAWSNs) have paramount significance. Stability guarantees the consistent performance of the network node's energy consumption, avoids data loss, packets reception time and network lifetime. The reliability of packet ensures the selection of favorable channel and avoid adverse channel effects, and the vital information is easily obtained from data packets. This paper introduces two new routing schemes for UAWSNs; stable and reliable short-path routing (RSPR) scheme, and cooperative reliable short-path routing (CoRSPR). In RSPR routing, the destination node is selected by considering the weighting function parameters of the highest residual energy, highest SNR, lowest euclidean distance, and least number of neighbor nodes. The scheme reduces the energy consumption due to less number of nodes contribution in the packet advancement process. The RSPR protocol is a non-cooperative technique, where the packets are delivered using a single-path link, which may not be consistently reliable. To cope with this issue, the CoRSPR protocol is proposed, which takes cooperative routing into account, for stable and reliable data delivery. In cooperative routing, the reception of more than one copy of the data packet is involved by the destination node. This reduces the unfavorable channel effects during data delivery. The simulation results show that the proposed schemes achieve better performance in terms of dead nodes, energy left in the battery, packet acceptance ratio, successful receiving of packets at the sink and E-2-E delay. INDEX TERMS Acoustic wireless sensor networks, short-path routing, network reliability, RSPR, CoRSPR.
An Energy Efficient Adaptive Cooperative Routing Protocol for Underwater WSNs
Underwater environment has very unique characteristics. Reliable and efficient communication between sensor nodes is very challenging. Firstly, because radio waves can not work well in such environment, so we use acoustic communication. Secondly, acoustic communication is very slower than radio communication. Moreover environment is very dynamic, which changes topology of network. Due to these reasons data can not reach to destination timely or reliably. This creates need of a technique which can improve performance of network in terms of reliability and throughput. Cooperation between nodes is one of the major techniques which can greatly enhance reliability of a network at cost of more energy consumption. In this technique if data can not reach to destination in any condition then it is retransmitted from another node called cooperative node. This also improves throughput of network. In this paper we propose region based cooperation between sensor nodes. Simulation results show that technique better performs in terms of network lifetime and efficient energy consumption.
Energy-Aware and Reliability-Based Localization-Free Cooperative Acoustic Wireless Sensor Networks
IEEE ACCESS, 2020
In underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs), protocols with efficient energy and reliable communication are challenging, due to the unpredictable aqueous environment. The sensor nodes deployed in the specific region can not last for a long time communicating with each other because of limited energy. Also, the low speed of the acoustic waves and the small available bandwidth produce high latency as well as high transmission loss, which affects the network reliability. To address such problems, several protocols exist in literature. However, these protocols lose energy efficiency and reliability, as they calculate the geographical coordinates of the node or they do not avoid unfavorable channel conditions. To tackle these challenges, this article presents the two novel routing protocol for UWSNs. The first one energy path and channel aware (EPACA) protocol transmits data from a bottom of the water to the surface sink by taking node's residual energy (R e), packet history (H p), distance (d) and bit error rate (BER). In EPACA protocol, a source node computes a function value for every neighbor node. The most prior node in terms of calculated function is considered as the target destination. However, the EPACA protocol may not always guarantee packet reliability, as it delivers packets over a single path. To maintain the packet reliability in the network, the cooperative-energy path and channel aware (CoEPACA) routing scheme is added which uses relay nodes in packet advancement. In the CoEPACA protocol, the destination node receives various copies from the source and relay(s). The received data at the destination from multiple routes make the network more reliable due to avoiding the erroneous data. The MATLAB simulations results validated the performance of the proposed algorithms. The EPACA protocol consumed 29.01% and the CoEPACA protocol 19.04% less energy than the counterpart scheme. In addition, the overall 12.40% improvement is achieved in the packet's reliability. Also, the EPACA protocol outperforms for packets' latency and network lifetime.
Sensors
An efficient algorithm for the persistence operation of data routing is crucial due to the uniqueness and challenges of the aqueous medium of the underwater acoustic wireless sensor networks (UA-WSNs). The existing multi-hop algorithms have a high energy cost, data loss, and less stability due to many forwarders for a single-packet delivery. In order to tackle these constraints and limitations, two algorithms using sink mobility and cooperative technique for UA-WSNs are devised. The first one is sink mobility for reliable and persistence operation (SiM-RPO) in UA-WSNs, and the second is the enhanced version of the SiM-RPO named CoSiM-RPO, which utilizes the cooperative technique for better exchanging of the information and minimizes data loss probability. To cover all of the network through mobile sinks (MSs), the division of the network into small portions is accomplished. The path pattern is determined for MSs in a manner to receive data even from a single node in the network. The...
A Novel Cooperative Opportunistic Routing Scheme for Underwater Sensor Networks
Increasing attention has recently been devoted to underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) because of their capabilities in the ocean monitoring and resource discovery. UWSNs are faced with different challenges, the most notable of which is perhaps how to efficiently deliver packets taking into account all of the constraints of the available acoustic communication channel. The opportunistic routing provides a reliable solution with the aid of intermediate nodes' collaboration to relay a packet toward the destination. In this paper, we propose a new routing protocol, called opportunistic void avoidance routing (OVAR), to address the void problem and also the energy-reliability trade-off in the forwarding set selection. OVAR takes advantage of distributed beaconing, constructs the adjacency graph at each hop and selects a forwarding set that holds the best trade-off between reliability and energy efficiency. The unique features of OVAR in selecting the candidate nodes in the vicinity of each other leads to the resolution of the hidden node problem. OVAR is also able to select the forwarding set in any direction from the sender, which increases its flexibility to bypass any kind of void area with the minimum deviation from the optimal path. The results of our extensive simulation study show that OVAR outperforms other protocols in terms of the packet delivery ratio, energy consumption, end-to-end delay, hop count and traversed distance.
Improved Adaptive Cooperative Routing in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks
IEEE
In Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs), reliability is an important factor which effects the overall performance of the network. As the underwater environment is noisy and due to multipath fading and poor link quality, the reliability of the network and data integrity is affected. With cooperative routing, the reliability and the integrity of the data is improved. In this paper two relay nodes and a master node is selected for the transmission of data from source to the sink. Master node is selected among the neighbouring nodes which has low depth, high residual energy and must lie outside the threshold defined. On the basis of depth threshold of source node and the master node, two relay nodes are selected for the retransmission mechanism. Simulation results show that IACR achieves better results with respect to packet acceptance ratio, throughput, network lifetime and packet drop as compared to ACE.