Fibers from polypropylene/nano carbon fiber composites (original) (raw)
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Continuous carbon nanotube-polycarbonate composite fibers through melt spinning
Indian Journal of Engineering and Materials Sciences
Among the many potential applications of carbon nanotubes (CNT), its usage to strengthen polymers has been paid considerable attention due to the exceptional stiffness, excellent strength and the low density. This has provided numerous opportunities for the invention of new material systems for applications requiring high strength and high modulus. In this paper, composite fibers of polycarbonate (PC) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) are prepared in dimethyl formamide (DMF) using melt mixing-coagulation technique followed by melt spinning at 220°C. The spinning of the coagulated PC-MWNTs is done at various draw ratios and the resultant fibers are studied by optical microscope, SEM and AFM. The mechanical properties of the composite fiber are determined and it is found that the addition of 1-1.5 wt% of MWNT increased the tensile strength of the polymer fiber from 900 MPa to 1890 MPa and Young's modulus from 1372 MPa to 2060 MPa. The results show that the mixing of MWNT with...
Structure and tensile properties of Nanoclay-Polypropylene fibers produced by melt spinning
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2011
Nanocomposite fibers of polypropylene and montmorillonite-based organoclay were produced by a melt-spinning process, and their structures and mechanical properties were studied. The addition of nanoclay in polypropylene increased the rate of crystallization and altered the microstructures of the fibers. Increases in the crystal size and a reduction in the molecular orientation were observed in the nanoclay-polypropylene composite fibers. The tensile properties of nanoclay composite fibers were also studied, and decreases in the fiber modulus and tenacity and increases in the strain at break were observed.
Colloid & Polymer Science, 2004
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) have been suggested as good nanofillers to create a new class of high performance polymers and fibers due to their high strength, lightweight, small diameters ($1 nm for SWNTs and 2$50 nm for MWNTs) and large aspect ratios [1]. In particular, carbon nanotubes-based nanocomposites may offer new opportunities for applications because of the highly anisotropic electronic properties, improved thermal conductivity (higher than diamond), and superior mechanical properties (that surpass the stiffness and strength of any known polymer materials) of carbon nanotubes [2]. However, with the current production technology, carbon nanotubes are still too expensive for practical use. An alternative carbon nanotube-based nanofillers are the much less expensive vapor grown carbon nanofibers (CNFs), which have an average diameter of 50$200 nm, bridging the gap between the diameter of conventional carbon fibers (7$10 lm) and those of SWNTs and MWNTs. Carbon nanofibers can be produced in a relative large scale by the catalytic decomposition of certain hydrocarbons on small metal particles such as iron, cobalt, nickel, and some of their alloys [3, 4, 5, 6].
Spinning of fibers from polypropylene/
2016
Isotactic polypropylene (iPP)/silica (SiO 2) composites were prepared by solution (toluene) mixing followed by either sonication or autoclaving to disaggregate the silica agglomerates. The obtained composite resins were then spun into monofilament fibers using a ThermoHaake's single screw extruder. The obtained fibers were characterized by morphological analyses (scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Raman), crystallization profile (differential scanning calorimetry), and hot-stage microscopy. AFM images and Raman analysis maps revealed that silica particles of a submicron size range were present on the surface. The inclusion of silica particles into the resins resulted in a higher crystallization temperature (T c) and shrinkage resistance of the composite fiber when compared to those of the neat or toluene-prepared PP fibers, which were attributed to the nucleating effect of the silica filler with an effective reinforcement. In addition, the silica loadings (0.25-1 wt%) increased the tensile strength attributable to its change in shape from round to elongated and flattened after spinning process, except that the greatest increase (1.4-fold) was seen at 0.25 wt% silica. However, the variances were large, resulting from diameter variation arising from free-fall fibers obtained by gravitational force only. Interestingly, the surface hydrophobicity of the composite fibers was found to be higher than the neat fibers due to the increase in the surface roughness arising from the presence of particles on the surface.
Spinning technology using melt extrusion and spin-draw processes transform polymeric materials into highly oriented, crystallized polymeric fibers. Thermoplastic isotactic polypropylene (PP) compound with ground CaCO3 (GCC) and precipitate CaCO3 (PCC) with stearic acid surface coating treatment. This product developed in masterbatch form, that contain 70% GCC in resin and 50% PCC in resin respectively. The resulting (masterbatch pellets) polymer can be spun into fibers through single screw extruder. Surface and cross-sectional images of fibers were captured by optical microscopy and scanning electronic microscopy for identifying organic/inorganic interface of fibers. The melt-spun fibers have distinctive morphology, impact of particles on spinnability, productivity in spunbond will alter mechanical property, thermal property and optical property of fiber-based products. Spinning speed, throughput rate and take-up roll draw ratio were processing parameters have considered for design of experiment. Meanwhile, different loading concentrations are applied for varied factor comparison of particle size and filler shape. The Weibull distribution model is applied for determining tensile property of fibers containing high GCC dosage 20~40%. Meanwhile few more steps of gauge length are utilized for studying probability of weak-link in polymer materials. Through a systematic discussion of GCC and PCC comparison study in changing fiber properties, discussion emphasizes particle size impact on agglomeration formation as well as breaking mechanism of fibers.
Enhancing the strength of polypropylene fibers with carbon nanotubes
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2004
Single-walled carbon nanotubes were added to two different grades of polypropylene to produce composites. The composites were then melt-spun into fibers, and the fibers were tested with both a conventional tensile pull tester and dynamic mechanical analysis. The changes in tensile properties were related to the grade of polypropylene used. In addition to fibers being made from the mixes, coarse extrudates (i.e., undrawn, gravity-spun filaments) were also produced. Density measurements on these extrudates showed that the addition of nanotubes increased the composite density in a highly nonlinear manner, which suggested interaction between the polypropylene and the carbon nanotubes. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2926–2933, 2004
Spinning of fibers from polypropylene/silica composite resins
Journal of Composite …, 2011
Isotactic polypropylene (iPP)/silica (SiO 2 ) composites were prepared by solution (toluene) mixing followed by either sonication or autoclaving to disaggregate the silica agglomerates. The obtained composite resins were then spun into monofilament fibers using a ThermoHaake's single screw extruder. The obtained fibers were characterized by morphological analyses (scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Raman), crystallization profile (differential scanning calorimetry), and hot-stage microscopy. AFM images and Raman analysis maps revealed that silica particles of a submicron size range were present on the surface. The inclusion of silica particles into the resins resulted in a higher crystallization temperature (T c ) and shrinkage resistance of the composite fiber when compared to those of the neat or toluene-prepared PP fibers, which were attributed to the nucleating effect of the silica filler with an effective reinforcement. In addition, the silica loadings (0.25-1 wt%) increased the tensile strength attributable to its change in shape from round to elongated and flattened after spinning process, except that the greatest increase (1.4-fold) was seen at 0.25 wt% silica. However, the variances were large, resulting from diameter variation arising from free-fall fibers obtained by gravitational force only. Interestingly, the surface hydrophobicity of the composite fibers was found to be higher than the neat fibers due to the increase in the surface roughness arising from the presence of particles on the surface.
Preparation Of Melt Spun Electroconductive Fine Fibres Containing Carbon Nanotubes
Autex Research Journal, 2015
Preparation of electroconductive fine fibres containing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by melt spinning was the main goal of the present study. In this regard, the influence of the main operating parameters such as type of polymer used (polyester, polypropylene and polyamide), type and concentration of the CNTs on conductivity, and mechanical and thermal properties of the melt spun fibres was studied. The conductivity of melt spun fibres was measured based on the method developed by Morton and Hearl. The morphologies of the CNTs–polymer composite fibres were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Thermal behaviours and mechanical properties of the CNTs–polymer composite fibres were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry and tearing tester, respectively. The results reveal that using CNTs had tangible effect on electrical, thermal and mechanical properties of the melt spun fibres. Also, polyamide had a better dispersion of CNTs and correspondingly lower surface resistivity.
Polymer/carbon nanotube composite fibers—an overview
Carbon nanotubes have exceptional mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties, which are strongly anisotropic. In order to fully utilize these properties, numerous carbon nanotube/polymer composite fibers have been produced and investigated. In this review, we summarize recent developments in terms of methods of fiber formation and their resulting properties. Polymer/carbon nanotube fibers can be processed using melt or solution spinning. Solutions spinning technologies include wet, dry, dry-jet, and gel spinning. Fibers can also be spun using electro spinning. Carbon nanotubes used can be single-wall, double-wall, multi-wall, or vapor grown carbon nano fibers. Most composite fibers processed to date contain less than 10 wt% carbon nanotubes, though there are a few studies where carbon nanotube content is 60 wt% or higher. In most cases, the addition of carbon nanotube results in increased tensile and compressive properties, enhanced fatigue resistance, increased solvent resistance, as well as increased glass transition temperature. Carbon nanotubes act as a template for polymer orientation and a nucleating agent for polymer crystallization. This ability of carbon nanotubes is expected to have profound impact on polymer and fiber processing, as well as on the resulting morphology and properties. The results of studies carried out to date are briefly reviewed in this paper.
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) reinforced by nanocellulose (NC) in different concentrations was used as a precursor for carbon fiber production. The NC was prepared by mechanical and chemical treatments. For control of the spinning process, the rheological properties of PAN-NC solutions were investigated. The strong polar interaction between the nitrile groups of PAN and the hydroxyl groups of NC resulted in the formation of an interconnected structure, as shown by the rheological properties. In addition, the NC was an effective reinforcement for PAN precursor because of its high aspect ratio and good interfacial adhesion to the PAN matrix. The spun PAN-NC fibers, containing NC in different concentrations, were oxidatively stabilized at 280°C in air and carbonized at 1000°C in nitrogen. Using Raman spectroscopy the Tuinstra-Koenig formula was used to estimate the graphite crystallite size of the resulting carbon fiber and it was found to have been increased by incorporation of the NC. The possibility of a decrease in energy consumption by lowering the carbonization temperature as a result of incorporation of NC was confirmed.