ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE EU LEVEL (original) (raw)
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Artificial Intelligence and Europe: risks, developments and implications
2020
During a lesson on Knowledge Day in September 2017, Russian President Vladimir said: "Artificial intelligence is the future, not only for Russia, but for all humankind. It comes with colossal opportunities, but also threats that are difficult to predict. Whoever becomes the leader in this sphere will become the ruler of the world". Technology seems to have the power to change our work, our society and our daily life. It has become almost indispensable in everyday activities, and it involves many aspects of our lives. According to many experts, academics and policymakers, we are in the middle of the 4 th industrial revolution that will affect our societies in the next decades. The real actor in this process is Artificial Intelligence (AI), which has become more present and essential both in the private and public sector. AI is changing many aspects of people's lives and bring important benefits to society and the economy thanks to better healthcare, an efficient public administration, and safer transport. Comprehending and analysing AI is fundamental in order to embrace the next challenges of the future, and to be competitive with other global leaders. How can AI be used by Europe as a whole? Which are the rules that would be considered in the following years? And how would the rest of the world react to such innovations? How the EU should we respond to such innovation and create a quality brand? Intending to respond to these questions, the present paper examines the AI framework in Europe, its legal and ethical implications. This paper is divided into three sections: the first one gives an overall vision on AI and on the state of the art worldwide; the second one analyses the efforts that EU is making and should make to become a relevant character in the AI race; and finally the conclusion focuses on what lacks to Europe to be a global leader in the AI field. The United States (US) and China are clearly the world's leaders in such environment. On the other way round, the European Union (EU), is not in the game, despite the recent legislation developed by the Commission. In order to maximise the development of AI, new rules are necessary to guarantee principles, rights, and a fair use of it. To tackle the huge development carried out by the AI world's leaders, Europe should respond by setting two objectives: on one hand, to create a positive environment to invest; on the other hand, to emerge as a quality brand for AI, as recently happened with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The paper argues that the EU is pointing to become a sort of referee in such field, spreading rules and guidelines in the digital environment. Nevertheless, leading in this field would not permit Europe to explore the opportunities that AI may give to European technological process.
European Strategy on AI: Are we truly fostering social good?
2020
Artificial intelligence (AI) is already part of our daily lives and is playing a key role in defining the economic and social shape of the future. In 2018, the European Commission introduced its AI strategy able to compete in the next years with world powers such as China and US, but relying on the respect of European values and fundamental rights. As a result, most of the Member States have published their own National Strategy with the aim to work on a coordinated plan for Europe. In this paper, we present an ongoing study on how European countries are approaching the field of Artificial Intelligence, with its promises and risks, through the lens of their national AI strategies. In particular, we aim to investigate how European countries are investing in AI and to what extent the stated plans can contribute to the benefit of the whole society. This paper reports the main findings of a qualitative analysis of the investment plans reported in 15 European National Strategies
The transformative economic impact of Artificial Intelligence
Background: The swift assimilation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) across multiple industries is altering the worldwide economic terrain. Unprecedented opportunities and difficulties are brought about by this revolutionary technology, which has an impact on innovation, trade, labor markets, and security. Objective: The goal of this study is to thoroughly investigate the economic effects of AI by exploring how it may affect labor markets, innovation, trade internationally, and security. The goal is to offer insights that support strategic decision-making and policy formation by examining current trends, opportunities, and difficulties. Results: The research highlights the dual character of artificial intelligence's influence, highlighting both its potential to spur economic expansion and its drawbacks, including the loss of jobs, a lack of standards, and security issues. The study highlights how crucial cooperation is to overcoming these obstacles and realizing AI's full potential. Conclusion: The balancing opportunities and risks becomes critical as AI continues to change the economic landscape. The report promotes proactive steps including ethical AI design guidelines, ongoing worker retraining, and flexible regulatory strategies. As we shape an AI future that puts inclusion, creativity, and responsible governance first, collaboration emerges as a key theme.
Artificial intelligence : a European perspective
EUR, 2018
A brief history of AI 19 2.2 Recent developments in machine learning 20 2.3 Recent developments in social robots 21 2.4 Current challenges 22 2.5 Summary and conclusions 23 3 EU in the AI competitive global landscape 25 3.1 3.1.1 USA 25 3.2 Analysing the key features of the AI landscape 29 3.4 Technological capacity 34 3.5 Summary and conclusions 35 4 AI in the EU 37 4.1 Strategies and plans 37 4.1.1 The European Union 37 4.1.2 France 40 4.1.3 United Kingdom 41 4.1.4 Finland 43 4.2 Summary and conclusions 43 5 The AI ecosystem in China 45 5.3 Regional/local initiatives 49 5.5 Summary and conclusions 51 Table of contents Part 2: Multi-dimensional perspectives 6 Ethical and societal perspective 6.1 Introduction 6.2.1 Challenges at individual level 6.2.2 Challenges at societal level 6.3 Summary and conclusions 7 Legal perspective 7.3 The protection of AI inventions/creations by intellectual property rights 7.4 Regulatory approach 7.5 Summary and conclusions 8 Educational perspective 8.1 Introduction 8.2 AI impact on skills demand, learning and teaching 8.2.1 Direct AI impact on advanced skills demand 8.2.2 Impact of AI on learning 8.2.3 Impact of AI on teaching 8.3 AI skills and academic supply 8.4 Summary and conclusions 9 Economic perspective 9.2 Potential impact of AI on growth 9.3 Potential impact of AI on inequality 9.4 Summary and conclusions 10 Cybersecurity perspective 10.1 Background: AI and cybersecurity 10.2 Applications of AI in cybersecurity 10.4 Robustness of AI algorithms against malicious action 10.5 Summary and conclusions D D Table of contents 11 Computer processing and energy perspective 95 11.1 Introduction 95 11.2 Assessment of data centre (DC) energy consumption 96 demand for HPC. 96 11.3.1 CPU advancements: energy saving and parallelisation computing 97 solutions 98 11.4 Summary and conclusions 100 12 Data perspective 103 12.1 The law and economics of access to data 103 12.1.1 The economic characteristics of data 103 12.1.2 Applying economic reasoning to data access 104 12.1.3 Policy intervention in the data market 105 12.2 Summary 108 12.3 Towards a data strategy for public administrations 108 12.3.1 Setting the scene 108 12.3.2 About platforms and APIs 109 12.3.3 From opening data to smart sharing 110 12.4 Summary and conclusions 113 13 Societal resilience perspective 115 13.1 The need for resilience 115 13.2 Measuring resilience to AI 116 13.3 Lessons from the analysis of AI for understanding resilience 119 14 Summary and conclusions 120 Footnotes 122 References 125 136 137 Acknowledgements 138 6 10 The digital transformation of society has just begun: AI is central to this change and offers major opportunities to improve our lives.
Long Run Economic Prospects of AI – revolution: new industries to emerge … or not …
The new wave of robotization and the mass adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) could bring enormous benefits, including a wider choice of jobs. Modern economic growth began with scientific and technological breakthroughs, accompanied by the rapid creation of more and more new goods, services, and, accordingly, new industries. A new round of scientific and technological progress in this sense can bring more benefits than all previous ones combined. This path will be feasible only if proper guarantees of liberties, freedom, and private property safeguards are restored in Western countries on the full scale. Threats to personal rights and freedoms, jobs, and the very existence of civil society with the broader AI commissioning are undeniable, but they are weakly related to technology. They directly come from the people's desire to escape responsibility, to rely on the "welfare state" instead of their efforts. Grave threats come indirectly from replacing universal morality with prostheses like Political Correctness, from the ideas and practices of an omnipotent "caring" Government.
2018
This position statement expresses the view of the Big Data Value Association (BDVA) on Artificial Intelligence and Big Data. BDVA is an industrially led association with the objective to ensure Europe's leading role in the data-driven world by fostering investments on technical and non-technical priorities along the data value chain. Given that data-driven approaches such as deep learning drove the recent breakthrough in AI, the BDVA is considered a strategic "Data for AI" partner in AI EU partnerships. This BDVA position statement primarily targets European decision-makers in the European Councils, the European Commission, the EU Parliament and European national government authorities. These are involved in shaping and planning of AI-related policies, European research programmes and funding instruments for Research & Development & Innovation (R&D&I). AI OPPORTUNITIES The current data explosion combined with recent advances in computing power and connectivity allows for an increasing amount of Big Data to be analysed anytime, anywhere. These technical advances enable addressing industrial relevant challenges and foster developing intelligent industrial application in a shorter time and with higher performance. AI will increase value creation from Big Data and its use to rapidly emerging B2B, B2G, G2C, G2B and B2C scenarios in many AI application domains. Machines and industrial processes which are supported by AI are augmenting human capacities in decision-making and providing digital assistance in highly-complex and critical processes. Established industrial players are starting to implement AI in a wide range of industrial applications, such as complex image recognition, primarily for interpreting Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI); autonomously learning, self-optimizing industrial systems such as those used in gas turbines and wind farms; accurate forecasts of copper prices and expected power grid capacity
Investing in AI for social good: an analysis of European national strategies
AI & SOCIETY
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a driving force in modern research, industry and public administration and the European Union (EU) is embracing this technology with a view to creating societal, as well as economic, value. This effort has been shared by EU Member States which were all encouraged to develop their own national AI strategies outlining policies and investment levels. This study focuses on how EU Member States are approaching the promise to develop and use AI for the good of society through the lens of their national AI strategies. In particular, we aim to investigate how European countries are investing in AI and to what extent the stated plans contribute to the good of people and society as a whole. Our contribution consists of three parts: (i) a conceptualization of AI for social good highlighting the role of AI policy, in particular, the one put forward by the European Commission (EC); (ii) a qualitative analysis of 15 European national strategies mapping inve...
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Employment in the European Economy
The 6th International Conference on Economics and Social Sciences, 2023
In recent years, the influence of artificial intelligence on economic systems has garnered considerable attention. The current state of the scientific literature on the topic shows that artificial intelligence has effects on productivity, employment, income distribution, and economic growth. It also influences several economic sectors, including manufacturing, transport, customer service, finance, and banking. On the one hand, artificial intelligence has the potential to significantly increase productivity and efficiency, which can result in economic growth. However, artificial intelligence also has the potential to disrupt employment and lead to income inequality. This paper examines the effects of artificial intelligence on employment by using the qualitative methods of the case study and document analysis. Moreover, data mainly sourced from Eurostat is analysed. The findings indicate that artificial intelligence has the potential to considerably boost productivity and economic growth, but may also result in job displacement and wealth disparity. In addition, the results show that artificial intelligence contributes to the automation of jobs and the creation of new ones. Furthermore, the impact of artificial intelligence on employment depends on the economic sector in which it is implemented.
Is the future of AI sustainable? A case study of the European Union
Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to raise awareness on the need for a more comprehensive approach on the interdependence between artificial intelligence (AI) and environmental sustainability. It provides an overview of existing sustainable AI policy initiatives at the national and regional level. More precisely, it discusses whether existing European Union (EU) environmental policies are suitable for the AI era or whether new regulations are needed in this field. Finally, this paper assesses cross-fertilisation opportunities between the EU and non-EU countries. Design/methodology/approach This study is based on a qualitative analysis of sustainable applications of AI and the sustainability of AI. Emphasis is laid on the latter, and a “sustainable by design” approach is proposed, which in essence is a prerequisite for transparent, responsible and human-centred AI systems. The analysis primarily focuses on environmental sustainability. Findings The majority of studies focus on how...