The taxonomy of Vespa crabro L. and V. dybowskii Andre (Hym., Vespniae) (1992) (original) (raw)
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Taxonomy and Bionomics of the Vespa tropica group (Hym., Vespinae) (1991)
Vespa tropica (Linnaeus, 1758) is a common and widespread hornet of south-eastern Asia which until recently (Kojima, 1982) was considered a single species. This paper reports on taxonomic, distributional and bionomic studies of Vespa tropica resulting in the recognition of three species. These three species, designated the Vespa tropica species group, can be readily recognised from other Vespa species by the elongated first gastral tergum ( A) and the lateral apical margin of the clypeus produced as a blunt triangular projection ( . Both these character states are derived so the V. tropica species group is monphyletic (Archer, unpublished). This paper attempts to reduce the number of colour subspecies by eliminating polytopic subspecies and synonymising 'subspecies', which are really microgeographic races, with their macrogeographic race or subspecies. In addition informal names are proposed to replace the subspecies names.
Taxonomy, External Morphology, and Species Identification
1999
There are a great many vernacular names for most sea turtle species, although relatively few for the more 1 Family Dermochelyidae Dermochelys coriacea: Leatherback (E); Tortue luth (F); Tortuga laúd (S) Family Cheloniidae Chelonia mydas: Green turtle (E); Tortue verte (F); Tortuga verde (S) Chelonia mydas / C. agassizii / C. m. agassizii 1 : Black turtle (E); Tortue noire (F); Tortuga prieta (S) Natator depressus: Flatback turtle (E); Chelonée à dos plat (F); Tortuga aplanada (S) Eretmochelys imbricata: Hawksbill (E); Tortue imbriquée (F); Tortuga de carey (S) Caretta caretta: Loggerhead (E); Caouanne (F); Caguama (S) Lepidochelys kempii: Kemp's ridley (E); Chelonée de Kemp (F); Tortuga lora (S) Lepidochelys olivacea: Olive ridley (E); Chelonée olivâtre (F); Tortuga golfina (S) 1 Authors' Note: Valid arguments can be presented both in favor and against the designation of the Black turtle as a full species within the genus Chelonia; namely, Chelonia agassizii. On balance, we support the full species concept because we believe it meets the traditional criteria of degree of morphological divergence and probable existence of reproductive isolation mechanisms, and because the science of objective interpretation of revealed differences in genotype and their relationship to systematics is still evolving. Others disagree. For insight into the continuing debate the reader is referred to Pritchard (1996, 1999), Bowen and Karl (1996) and Karl and Bowen (1999). Editors' Note: The systematic status and nomenclature of the Black turtle or east Pacific green turtle, sometimes referred to as Chelonia agassizii or C. mydas agassizii, remains uncertain. Recent genetic evidence supports an Atlantic-Mediterranean vs. Indian-Pacific grouping, while morphological and behavioral data suggest an east Pacific species or subspecies. Cognizant of the unfinished scientific debate and aware of the fact that the IUCN does not at the present time recognize the Black turtle as a species (or subspecies) of Chelonia, this manual adopts a conservative status quo position; namely, that there are seven species of sea turtle and the "agassizii" type is embraced within the global Chelonia mydas complex. At the present time the MTSG has no formal position on the ongoing debate, but is strongly supportive of research in this area. Illustrations: Tom McFarland provided the illustrations for Figures 4-11 and 13. Figures 1, 2, 12 and 14 were modified by J. Mortimer from original illustrations by T. McFarland. The authors are most grateful for T. McFarland's contribution to this chapter. restricted species (Natator depressus, Lepidochelys kempii). In this section, only three examples (English, French, and Spanish) are given for each species. Resear Resear Resear Resear Researc c c c ch and Mana h and Mana h and Mana h and Mana h and Manag g g g gement ement ement ement ement T T T T Tec ec ec ec echniques f hniques f hniques f hniques f hniques for the Conser or the Conser or the Conser or the Conser or the Conserv v v v vation of Sea ation of Sea ation of Sea ation of Sea ation of Sea T T T T Tur ur ur ur urtles tles tles tles tles 15 15 15 15 15
crustacea.org.br
In decapod crustaceans, spermatophores are specialized structures used for the transfer of mature spermatozoa from male to female during the mating process. With the purpose to characterize the vas deferens and spermatophore formation, two Brazilian species of crayfishes were investigated: Parastacus defossus and P. varicosus. Members of the freshwater crayfish family Parastacidae have two patterns of spermatophores: in the genus Cherax, found in Oceania, the spermatophore is composed of two layers, and each vas deferens is highly convoluted and has three macroscopically distinguishable parts; in Brazilian species P. defossus and P. varicosus, the vas deferens is short and straight, and no macroscopically different parts can be identified. The spermatophore is formed by only one layer, which consists of a PAS-positive fluid where spermatozoa are embedded. This PAS-positive matrix corresponds to the secondary layer found in the spermatophore of the Australian species of Cherax. The spermatophore structure in Parastacus is, therefore, simpler than in the studied Astacidae and than in the Cherax species.
Cypselar morpho-anatomy help in the separation of taxa, when flowering stage is not available
Cypselar morpho-anatomical features have an important parameter for separation and isolation of taxa. For this purpose, three species (Aster alpinus L., Felicia heterophylla (Cass.) Grau and Olearia ramulosa Benth.) of the tribe Astereae have been studied with the help of light microscope. In all the studied species, there are some morphological and anatomical variations. Morphological variations are documented on the basis of stylopodium, layer of carpopodial cells, type of pappus bristles, vascular trace through the ribs etc. In Aster alpinus, scaly pappus is present, whereas in Felicia