Assessment of the acute toxicity of the organochlorine pesticide endosulfan in Cichlasoma dimerus (Teleostei, Perciformes (original) (raw)
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ENDOSULFAN, A GLOBAL PESTICIDE: A REVIEW OF ITS TOXICITY ON VARIOUS ASPECTS OF FISH BIOLOGY
Pesticides are used in agricultural fields to regulate pest population. These pesticides are usually toxic to non-target organisms like fish. Three of the main classes of pesticides are organochlorines, organophosphorous and carbamates. Organochlorines are the most commonly found pesticides in the environment including water, sediments, atmospheric air and biotic environment. Endosulfan is a broad spectrum organochlorine pesticide which has been commercially in use for decades to control insect pest. It is primarily used to kill insects and mites on crops including fruits, vegetables and cereal grains as well as ornamental shrubs, vines and trees. Endosulfan passes via surface runoff into natural waters, where it is accumulated in different organisms living in water, especially in fish, thus making it vulnerable to several prominent effects. Endosulfan is known to inhibit acetylcholinesterase, cause behavioural, neurological, oxidative, endocrine and other effects. The present review analyses the various effects of Endosulfan in fish.
Hematological and Neurotoxic Effects of Endosulfan Pesticide on Common Carp Cyprinus carpio
The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2012
The present study including determined blood picture by measuring red blood cells count, hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume and white blood cells in common carp Cyprinus carpio, as well as description behavior and growth of carp fish .In order to estimate LC50 used 240 fingerlings of common carp Cyprinus carpio were exposed to 0.0008μg/L, 0.0010μg/L, 0.0011μg/L, 0.0012μg/L, 0.0013μg/L, 0.0014μg/L and 0.0015μg/L. The LC50 of endosulfan was 0.0012μg/L for 48h of exposure Fish behavioral were recorded that showed abnormalities after exposure to the various endosulfan concentrations such as increase swimming activity, hypersensitivity, jerky movement, violent movements, loss of equilibrium, hyperactivity, increase operculum movement, frequent jumping, swimming at the water surface, erratic swimming, spiraling, convulsion, escape attempts from the aquarium with respiratory stress and decrease in respiratory rate as well as a significant decrease at (P<0.05) in body weight of...
Organophosphorus pesticides are the most widely and commonly used insecticides worldwide. Toxicity and impact of Dichlorvos, an organophosphate pesticide polluting aquatic ecosystems as a potential toxicant was reviewed. This article summarized the LC 50 values of dichlorvos to various fish species and significant findings pertaining to its lethal and sublethal toxic effects in various aspects of ecotoxicological perturbations in fish which can be viewed as biomarkers of pesticide toxicity. These biomarkers reported due to toxic effect of the dichlorvos can be used to monitor pollution risk assessment in aquatic ecosystems.
Ecotoxicology: A Review of Pesticides Induced Toxicity in Fish
Throughout the world pesticides are widely employed in agriculture sector in order to elevate crops' yield with low labour and efforts. Pesticides exposure leads to toxicity in many non-target organisms, fish being one of the most prominent among these. Most of the time acute concentration of these pesticides leads to mortality while sub lethal concentration of these pesticides result in different lethal changes. These changes may be in behaviour of the exposed fish such as change in feeding behaviour, attack or avoiding behaviour and reproductive behaviour, or other types of alterations such as changes in histology (liver, kidneys, gills, muscles, brain, intestine), haematology (RBCs, WBCs or Plasma), anti-oxidant defence system (Glutathione reductase, Peroxidase, Catalase, Superoxide dismutase, Glutathione peroxidase, Glutathione-S-transferase etc.), changes in nutrient profile (Protein, Lipids, Carbohydrates, Moisture content and Ash etc.) and worth of the fish, hormonal or enzymatic alterations, oxygen consumption, and DNA damage or damage at genes level (genotoxicity). Different environmental agencies are working on this aspect and that's why there are a large number of banned chemicals. Still these chemicals are available in markets. Certain newly synthesized pesticides (insecticides or fungicides etc.) and extensive use of these chemicals are always there to maximize the problem for aquatic organisms especially fish. This article focuses on the same aspect of ecotoxicology and reviews some major induced toxicological aspects of pesticides in fish including behavioural changes, histopathological damages, haematological alterations, biochemical changes, fluctuations in acetylcholinesterase activity, vicissitudes in protein contents, induced genotoxicity, alterations in feeding biology, oxygen consumption and oxygen stress all across the world.
Endosulfan Toxicity to Anabas testudineus and Histopathological Changes on Vital Organs
E3S Web of Conferences, 2018
The toxicity of endosulfan, an organochlorine type insecticide to a commonly consumed freshwater fish species, A. testudineus (40.68±9.03 g; 13.49±0.99 cm), was investigated under static conditions. The nominal endosulfan concentrations ranging from 10 to 80 μg/L subjected to the fish population results in 96-hour median lethal concentration, LC50, of 35.2±3.99 μg/L. The toxicity is a function of both endosulfan concentration and exposure time (p>0.05). Histopathological analysis on vital organs exposed to sublethal concentrations indicates that structural changes started at sublethal dose and the effects aggravated with increasing endosulfan concentration. Gill was found to experience aneurism, hyperplasia in lamellar and autolysis of mast cell. Pyknotic nuclei and necrosis were observed in liver cell, while the lumen of renal tubule was found to narrow and haemorrhage was observed in cytoplasm cell. High LC50 compared to other fishes indicates that A. testudineus has high toler...
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2011
Median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) and sublethal effects of the commercial endosulfan formulation Zebra Ciagro Ò on the fish Cichlasoma dimerus were studied. The 96-h LC 50 was estimated as 17.7 lg/L. In order to investigate sublethal effects, fish were exposed to 25% and 50% LC 1 (3.4 and 6.8 lg/L, respectively). Endosulfan (ED) significantly increased the hemoglobin concentration and white blood cell count after 96 h. Differential leukocytes count was also altered, due to an increase in the percentage of neutrophils in exposed fish. The hepatopancreatic tissue of fish under ED treatment showed a decrease in aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase and an increase in alkaline phosphatase. Lipid peroxidation levels in the 6.8-lg/L ED-containing group were higher than those in control fish for all organs tested (gills, hepatopancreas, and brain).
2015
Received: Revised: Accepted: February 17, 2014 June 26, 2014 July 06, 2014 This study was designed to investigate the acute toxicities of endosulfan on the hematopoietic, gastro-intestinal, respiratory systems of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). A total of 35 grass carp, 5-6 cm long were divided into five groups (E0, E1, E2, E3 and E4) having seven fish in each. The fish in group E0 were kept as control in plain water, while those in group E1, E2, E3 and E4 were exposed to 0.75, 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00 ppb of endosulfan in water, respectively for 96 hrs. Water and test chemical solution were renewed daily throughout the experiment. At the end of experimental period blood samples from fish in each group were collected. The morphometric parameters including total weight, length, standard length and organ weights showed non-significant difference. Samples from gills, intestine and liver were collected for the histopathological examination. A significant dose dependent decrease was not...
Histopathology of Rainbow Trout Exposed to Sublethal Concentrations of Methiocarb or Endosulfan
Toxicologic Pathology, 2007
Liver, spleen, trunk kidney, gills, and brain of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) were examined histologically after exposure to different concentrations of methiocarb (2.5 and 3.75 mg/L) or endosulfan (0.6 and 1.3 μg/L) for 21 days. Histological recovery was also studied by maintaining the pesticide-exposed fish in a freshwater system for an additional 30 d. Lesions were not evident in liver, kidney, spleen, or brain of fish exposed to either concentration of methiocarb for 21 d. Lesions were observed in gills, liver, spleen, and trunk kidney (but not brain) of rainbow trout exposed to either concentration of endosulfan. There was no concentration-related effect observed on the histopathological lesions. After 30 days of recovery, fish had no histological lesions in gills, kidney, spleen, liver, or brain. Therefore all the changes observed during exposure were reversible.