Advanced Computer Architecture (original) (raw)
General-Purpose computers -those built for a great variety of processing jobs. Simply by using a general purpose computer and different software, various tasks can be accomplished, including writing and editing (word processing), manipulating facts in a data base, tracking manufacturing inventory, making scientific calculations, or even controlling organization's security system, electricity consumption, and building temperature. General purpose computers are designed to perform a wide variety of functions and operations. You will probably use this type of computer reading this article and I am using a general purpose computer typing this article in some software (MS Word). A general purpose computer is able to perform a wide variety of operations because it can store and execute different programs in its internal storage. Unfortunately, having this ability is often achieved at the expense of speed and efficiency. In most situations, however, you will find that having this flexibility makes this compromise a most acceptable one.
Types and Components Of Computers
A Computer is machine that performs tasks, such as calculations or electronic communication, under the control of a set of instructions called a program. Programs usually reside within the computer and are retrieved and processed by the computer’s electronics. The program results are stored or routed to output devices, such as video display monitors or printers. Computers perform a wide variety of activities reliably, accurately, and quickly.
There are a lot of terms used to describe computers. To put it in simple words a computer can be defined as an electronic device that processes instructions and produces an output to the user. To unveil the secret behind this process, understanding of individual components is important. Starting with the case, we'll discuss the role and functionalities of the various peripherals and hardware which are integral parts of the computer. What is a Computer? A machine that can be programmed to : Receive information. Process the information according to a set of suitable instructions. Display desired result information. A computer can also be used to store information whenever required It is a device capable of performing arithmetic and logical operations Computer-The Framework Types of computers Analog-An analog computer represents data as physical quantities and operates on the data by manipulating the quantities Digital-A computer that stores data in terms of digits (numbers) and proceeds in discrete steps from one state to the next Hybrid-Hybrid computers are made by combining features of analog computers and digital computers
1984
Configurations of Operating Systems 2-8 Common Higher Order Languages Used in Microcomputers 3-1 Job Functions of the User Classifications 43 3-2 Characteristics of User Classes 3-3 Clerical User Characteristics and Desirable Syston Attributes 3-4 Administrative User Characteristics and Desirable System Attributes 3-5 Professional User Characteristics and Desirable System Attributes 3-6 Technical User Characteristics and Desirable Syston Attributes 53 vi Chapter 2-Overview of Microcanputers Othe r Technologies Additional mass storage technologies are constantly emerging. Magnetic bubble momory is useful for mass storage in specialized applications where high reliability or low weight are considerations-Its disadvantages are higher cost and limited capacity. Optical disks may be useful for storing large amounts of permanent data, but the technology is still relatively new, and additional work on the basic technology, hardware interfaces, and syston software is necessary for these devices to becane practical for conmon applications. 2.2.3. Keyboards Keyboards are the most conmon input device for curroit microcomputers and may be either an integral part of the case holding the video display or detached. In addition to the letters, numbers, punctuation, and special symbols typically found on typewriter keyboards, some microcomputer keyboards have special function keys. These keys allow the user to manipulate the display, memory, programs, or peripheral devices. Numeric keypads (i.e. those resembling adding machine keyboards) and cursor control keys (see section 2.2.5) are also found on many microcomputers keyboards, 2.2.4. Other Input Devices Keyboards may be supplonented by other input devices including pointing devices, digital to analog converters, and voice input. Pointing devices enhance operator convenience in such operations as making a choice from a list of options or indicating data to be acted on (e.g. designating a paragraph to be deleted from a document) and for performing graphics operations. Table 2-4 lists pointing devices which are commonly used for microconputers. 144
When computers first came out, they were as big as building rooms and had comparatively modest processing rates. Microprocessor technology led to a significant reduction in computer size and an increase in processing performance. Computers can be made in many different shapes and sizes with different processing powers, depending on their intended uses. In generally the computer systems can be classified on the following basis: Classifications of Computers System:-A. According to Size. B. According to Purposes. C. According to technology. A) According to Size Based on their outward size, internal capabilities, and external purposes, computers are divided into four classes. 1. Supercomputer 2. Mainframe computer 3. Minicomputer 4. Microcomputer SUPER COMPUTER The super computers are the most high performing system. A computer that performs better than a general-purpose computer is called a supercomputer. Supercomputer performance is usually measured in FLOPS (floating-point operations per second) instead of MIPS (million instructions per second). These are specially made to perform multi-specific tasks. Therefore, many CPUs work in parallel order on these supercomputers. This function of a Supercomputer is called Multiprocessing or Parallel Processing. The first supercomputer was created in the 1960s for the American Department of Defence (USA). All of the world's fastest 500 supercomputers run Linux-based operating systems. Supercomputers actually play an important role in the field of computation, and are used for intensive computation tasks in various fields. There are two broad categories of supercomputers: general purpose supercomputers and special purpose supercomputers. General purpose supercomputers can be further divided into three subcategories: 1) Vector processing supercomputers. 2) Tightly connected cluster computers. 3) Commodity computers. Supercomputers designed specifically to accomplish a specific task or objective are referred to as special purpose computers for the opposite reason. Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) are usually used by them, and they provide higher performance.
Minds and Machines, 2018
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Differentiate between port, expansion slot and expansion card Explain the input/output, processing and storage operations Define operating system, device drivers, utility programs and language processors Identify the use of productivity, business, entertainment and education software Elaborate open source software, shareware and freeware UNIT INTRODUCTION This Unit "Fundamentals of Computer" covers a foundational understanding of computer hardware and software along with how to get the most value and impact from computer technology. In this unit the history of computer is described so that students can understand how have computers evolved from very simple calculating devices to the modern electronic computing. It also provides material on application of computers in various fields to describe the role of computer in modern society and its impact on our daily life. 1 9 1 Fundamentals of Computer TITBITS Abacus is still seen at some toy shops, made of plastic or wood for small children.
The components are connected together to the motherboard through cables as buses. There are three types of buses;
ADVANCED COMPUTER APPLICATION IN CLOTHING Unit -I BASIC COMPUTER
Prepared by GOPALAKRISHNAN D & Mrs.LAKSHMIPRIYA UNIT-I BASIC COMPUTER A computer is a machine that can store and process information. Most computers rely on a binary system, which uses two variables, 0 and 1, to complete tasks such as storing data, calculating algorithms, and displaying information. Computers come in many different shapes and sizes, from handheld smart phones to super computers weighing more than 300 tons. Computer structure Computer structure is the way that each component is arranged so that communication is possible.
BASIC FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF A COMPUTER (input, output, storage and Central Processing unit
Zenodo, 2018
Computer, any of a class of devices capable of solving problems by processing information in discrete form. It operates on data, including magnitudes, letters, and symbols, that are expressed in binary code — i.e., using only the two digits 0 and 1. By counting, comparing, and manipulating these digits or their combinations according to a set of instructions held in its memory, a digital computer can perform such tasks as to control industrial processes and regulate the operations of machines; analyze and organize vast amounts of business data; and simulate the behaviour of dynamic systems (e.g., global weather patterns and chemical reactions) in scientific research. A typical computer system has four basic functional elements : (1) Input-output equipment, (2) Main memory, (3) Control unit, and (4) Arithmetic-logic unit.