What is the Dose-Response Relationship between Vitamin D and Cancer Risk (original) (raw)
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Recent results in cancer research. Fortschritte der Krebsforschung. Progrès dans les recherches sur le cancer, 2007
Solar ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiance and/or vitamin D have been found inversely correlated with incidence, mortality, and/or survival rates for breast, colorectal, ovarian, and prostate cancer and Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Evidence is emerging that more than 17 different types of cancer are likely to be vitamin D-sensitive. A recent meta-analysis concluded that 1,000 IU of oral vitamin D per day is associated with a 50% reduction in colorectal cancer incidence. Using this value, as well as the findings in a multifactorial ecologic study of cancer mortality rates in the US, estimates for reductions in risk of vitamin D-sensitive cancer mortality rates were made for 1,000 IU/day. These estimates, along with annual average serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, were used to estimate the reduction in cancer mortality rates in several Western European and North American countries that would result from intake of 1,000 IU/day of vitamin D. It was estimated that reductions c...
Vitamin D for Cancer Prevention and Survival
Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism, 2009
Higher levels of the principal circulating form of vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), are associated with substantially lower incidence and death rates from colon, breast, and ovarian cancer, with a linear dose–response gradient. The accumulated evidence from observational studies and a randomized trial reveal that population serum levels of 25(OH)D in the range of 40 to 50 ng/ml will markedly reduce incidence and mortality rates of several cancers including those of the breast, colon, and ovary. There is an immediate clinical need for cancer care providers worldwide to assure that a serum 25(OH)D level >40 ng/ml is achieved as soon as feasible after diagnosis of patients with breast and colon cancer, unless specifically contraindicated by pre-existing hypercalcemia. This serum target could be revisited after further rigorous studies are performed, but the evidence that has accumulated during the past 29 years is sufficiently strong now to adopt the above dosages and serum targets for professional and public health action. Such prompt action is likely to cut mortality from these cancers by half within approximately 5 years. Research on a wider range of cancer types with higher serum 25(OH)D levels (≥50 ng/ml or 125 nmol/l) is needed. In the meantime, vitamin D3 intake by everyone in the continental US and Canada aged 1 year and older should not be less than 2000 IU/day of vitamin D3, and 1000 IU/day for infants.
The Inverse Relationship between 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Cancer Survival: Discussion of Causation
Cancers, 2013
Cancer mortality rates vary inversely with geographic latitude and solar ultraviolet-B doses. This relationship may be due to an inhibitory role of vitamin D on cancer development. The relationship between vitamin D and cancer appears to be stronger for studies of cancer mortality than incidence. Because cancer mortality reflects both cancer incidence and survival, the difference may be due to effects of vitamin D on cancer survival. Here we review analytic epidemiologic studies investigating the relation between vitamin D, measured by circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), and cancer survival. A relationship between low 25-OHD levels and poor survival is shown by most of the reviewed studies. This relationship is likely to be causal when viewed in light of most criteria for assessing causality (temporality, strength, exposure-response, biological plausibility and consistency). A serum level of 25-OHD around 50 nmol/L appears to be a threshold level. Conversely, there a...
Vitamin D and prevention of colorectal cancer
Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2005
Inadequate photosynthesis or oral intake of Vitamin D are associated with high incidence rates of colorectal cancer, but the dose–response relationship has not been adequately studied.Dose–response gradients from observational studies of Vitamin D intake and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D were plotted as trend lines. The point on each linear trend line corresponding to an odds ratio of 0.50 provided the prediagnostic Vitamin D intake or 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration associated with 50% lower risk compared to <100 IU/day Vitamin D or <13 ng/ml serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Medians of these values were determined.Overall, individuals with ≥1000 IU/day oral Vitamin D (p < 0.0001) or ≥33 ng/ml (82 nmol/l) serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (p < 0.01) had 50% lower incidence of colorectal cancer compared to reference values.Intake of 1000 IU/day of Vitamin D, half the safe upper intake established by the National Academy of Sciences, was associated with 50% lower risk. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D of 33 ng/ml, which is known to be safe, also was associated with 50% lower risk. Prompt public health action is needed to increase intake of Vitamin D3 to 1000 IU/day, and to raise 25-hydroxyvitamin D by encouraging a modest duration of sunlight exposure.
JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2007
Low vitamin D status has long been implicated in colorectal carcinogenesis. We investigated this relationship in a nested case-control study within the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS), a large ongoing study of male health professionals living in the United States. Between 1993 and 2002, 179 colorectal cancer patients were diagnosed and matched to 356 control subjects by age and by month and year of blood collection. Results were also pooled with previously published results from the Nurses&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; Health Study (NHS) cohort, a large female cohort. Conditional logistic regression was used to analyze the association between plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and colorectal cancer, and pooled estimates were calculated using the method of DerSimonian and Laird. All statistical tests were two-sided. In the HPFS, we observed a non-statistically significant inverse association between higher plasma 25(OH)D concentration and risk of colorectal cancer and a statistically significant inverse association for colon cancer (highest versus lowest quintile: odds ratio [OR] = 0.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.24 to 0.89; P(trend) = .005). After pooling the results from the HPFS and NHS, higher plasma 25(OH)D concentrations were statistically significantly associated with decreased risks of both colorectal cancer (highest versus lowest quintile, OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.42 to 1.05; P(trend) = .01) and colon cancer (highest versus lowest quintile, OR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.34 to 0.86; P(trend) = .002). Inverse associations with plasma 25(OH)D concentration did not differ by location of colon cancer (proximal versus distal), but the number of patients was small and none of the associations was statistically significant. Opposite relationships between plasma 25(OH)D levels and risk of rectal cancers were found among men (positive) and women (inverse). Our data provide additional support for the inverse association between vitamin D and colorectal and, in particular, colon cancer risk.