Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, lessons to be learned!. (original) (raw)
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Review on counter measures to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, May 2020
2020
An outbreak of novel coronavirus infection occurred in China at the end of 2019, which was designated as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and spread to regions across Asia and ultimately all over the world As of 21 May 2020, a total of more than 5 million cases with more than 350 thousand deaths were reported worldwide Evaluation of the pathogenicity of the disease and determining the efficacy of control measures are essential for rapid containment of the disease However, the world is facing difficulties in controlling COVID-19 at both of the national and global levels due to variations in pathogenicity of infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the causal agent of COVID-19, and to diverse measures applied in each country based on their control capacities and policies In the present review, we summarize the basic information and findings related to the COVID- 19 pandemic, including pathogen agent, epidemiology, disease transmission, and clinical manifestati...
Coronavirus: COVID-19-Epidemiology, Treatment, Prevention and Control
Journal of Advances in Microbiology
Coronavirus infection is a zoonotic disease of viral origin. The SARS-CoV-2 is the novel virus that causes the ongoing pandemic affecting the global community hence a very big threat to the global public health. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first detected Wuhan, China and reported to World Health Organization (WHO) country office in China on 31st December 2019. It has since been spreading, resulting in an ongoing pandemic. As at 19 May, there are about 4.8 million cases of Covid-19 with 316,169 deaths reported in more 188 countries of the world. The initial transmission appeared to be from an animal source, but there has been person to person transmission in the affected countries. A lot of preventive and control measures have employed to severe transmission. Strategies in the control of an outbreak are containment or suppression and mitigation. Currently there is no specific vaccine or treatment for COVID-19. This work reviewed the Coronavirus Disease 19, its epidemiolog...
COVID-19-A Pandemic in Need of Control
Journal of Advanced Scientific Research, 2021
The recent ‘show stopper’ in the world of infectious diseases is the Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) which is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). This infection, which presents itself with a risk of morbidity and mortality, has managed to shake the medical fraternity. This can be called the sister disease to the previously known severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). The 2019- nCoV was first identified in late December 2019, in Wuhan, China and henceforth spread to multiple countries. The health care specialists were rushed in order to find a perfect diagnosis, treatment algorithm and prevention measures for such an unexpected pandemic. Monitoring the transmission trends in humans, understanding mechanism of infection, developing novel tests for detection of the virus with diagnostic guidelines, initiating clinical testing of activity of drugs to be used as potential treatment options as well...
Global Trends in Epidemiology of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Medical Virology: From Pathogenesis to Disease Control, 2020
In December 2019, suddenly 54 cases of viral pneumonia emerged in Wuhan, China, caused by some unknown microorganism. The virus responsible for these pneumonia infections was identified as novel coronavirus of the family Coronaviridae. The novel coronavirus was renamed as COVID-19 by WHO. Infection from the virus has since increased exponentially and has spread all over the world in more than 196 countries. The WHO has declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern due to the outbreak of COVID-19. The virus is highly infectious and can cause human-to-human transmission. Every 24 h, cases of COVID-19 increase severalfolds. The WHO is monitoring the SARS-CoV-2 spread very closely via a global surveillance system. The current situation demands the enforcement of strict laws which would help in inhibiting the further spread of COVID-19. Social distancing, international travel restrictions to affected countries, and hygiene are three important ways to nullify SARS-CoV-2.Government and private organizations need to come forward and work together during this pandemic. Public awareness, social distancing, and sterilization must be maintained to neutralize the viral infection, especially in major hot spots. Nishant Srivastava and Preeti Baxi contributed equally as first author.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research
Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19), A new health crisis expanded all over the world is caused by the Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This highly contagious disease, as concluded from genome studies, originated in bats. In December 2019, it passed on to humans in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. After a few months, the infection was spread to about 109 countries. Total 113,702 confirmed cases globally and 4, 012 deaths were registered on March 10, 2020. On 11 March 2020, COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by WHO. The disease is transmitted by inhalation or contact with infected droplets having an incubation period range from 2 to 14 days. Fever, cough, sore throat, breathlessness, fatigue, malaise, etc. are some of the major symptoms of the disease. Diagnosis involves Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction from a nasopharyngeal swab or oropharyngeal swab, a chest computed tomography scan, and other collective symptoms. At present no vaccine, antiviral drug, therapy is documented, only preventive measures like hand washing, maintaining distance from other people, and not touching one's face, use of masks is recommended. In this critical situation, researchers are highly focused to combat this problem. This review article mainly emphasizes on the occurrence, causes, mode of action, updated statistical data, and preventive measures taken by the government for control of COVID-19.
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Transmission, Risk Factors, Prevention and Control: A Minireview
2020
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which was initially named 2019 novel coronavirus (2019 nCoV) have continued to spread at an alarming rate across the globe. It was declared as a pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO) due to its worldwide exponential spread and impact leading to high morbidity and mortality. Generalday-to-day activities was heavily destabilized due to lockdown and Movement Control Order (MCO) policy which are some of the most effective preventive and control measures that were employed by many countries. These measures however eventually had serious detrimental and devastating effect on health, education, governance and economy worldwide. In spite of all the preventive and control measures put in place, COVID-19 continue to spread and ravage many areas of the world. Currently there is still no sufficient, reliable and scientifically sound epidemiological information on COVID-19 transmissio...
An overview of SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) disease pandemic
Novel Research in Microbiology Journal, 2020
A novel coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) overflow event, with its epicenter point in the Wuhan (China), has risen as the health of the public crisis is of global concern. This started as an episode in the December, (2019), and till the 28 th of February, (2020), there have about 83,704 committed cases of the SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) disease at the global level, including 2,859 deaths. This showed overall cases including 3.41% of the fatality rate. At this point more than 58 nations or regions were affected with SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) disease. As an important role of the worldwide response to manage and contain this pandemic, significant accentuation was put to create research knowledge in order to manage proof based response to carry the infection. This disease was named as severe respiratory syndrome COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), owing to its hereditary similarities with the SARS infection. Individual to-individual transmission of the COVID-19 contamination led to the isolation of the patients that were treated with various types of treatments. Various measures have been executed to decrease the individual to-individual transmission of the SARS-CoV-2, to stop the present outbreak. Unique considerations and many efforts ought to be applied in the populations to decrease the transmission of COVID-19 including health care providers, kids and older individuals. The aims of this review were to highlight the epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis and future instructions of COVID-19 to stop spreading of this lethal disease.
2021
Review Article COVID-19 is caused by novel β-coronavirus (SARSCoV2). It was first discovered in 2019, in Wuhan (seafood market), China. It was declared a global pandemic on 30 th Jan 2020 by the WHO. Person to person transmission via respiratory droplets is source of infection. The incubation period is 2 weeks from exposure. Middle aged and elders >70 years age or people with co-morbid conditions like Diabetes mellitus, lung diseases, obesity, immunecompromised state and kidney diseases predominantly affecting and leads to rise in mortality. Environmental contamination via contaminated surfaces in areas with high infective cases like quarantine centers or hospitals are also an important aspect of spreading the virus. So, routine cleaning with sodium dichloroisocyanourate disinfectant is needed. Protective antibodies against SARSCoV2 receptors binding domain of spike protein and nucleocapsid protein appears on day 14 following symptom onset. The antibody titers by Enzyme linked Im...
Global Pandemicity of COVID-19: Situation Report as of June 9, 2020
Infectious Diseases: Research and Treatment, 2021
A novel coronavirus was identified as the cause of a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China in December 2019. This cluster quickly spread across the globe and led the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) a pandemic on March 11, 2020. It’s sudden emergence, ceaseless human-to-human transmission, and rapid spread has led to continuous pandemicity. As of June 9, 2020, there were 7 039 918 confirmed cases and 404 396 deaths globally. The rate of spread of COVID-19 is affected through respiratory droplets, most commonly when infected individuals cough or talk. The virus is released through respiratory secretions that infect individuals once contact with mucous membranes is made directly or indirectly. Our research was conducted via an electronic literature review on PubMed, Google Scholar, and MedLine Plus. Data were then collected from peer-reviewed articles that included applicable keywords and published between January 1, 2020, and June 9, 2020. This article highlights the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 worldwide and indicates a higher number of mortalities in the elderly and those with comorbidities. As the number of cases increases, an immediate need to “flatten the curve” is essential to avoid catastrophic overwhelming of hospital systems across the affected countries. To do so, there is an emphasis on detection, testing, isolating the infected, and organizing the healthcare response to the virus. The rapid spread of infection has impacted over 200 countries and territories to date. This report takes a closer look at the cases, fatalities, and recoveries in different regions of the world with details regarding the geographic scale of SARS-CoV-2 spread, risks, and the subsequent impact on the countries affected. Also, this report discusses some effective measures that were carried out by some countries that helped them to mitigate the pandemic and flatten the curve of COVID-19 spread as early as possible.
From SARS-CoV to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) - A Brief Review
Journal of Advanced Research in Medicine, 2020
Emerging and reemerging pathogens are global challenges for public health. For the third time in as many decades, a zoonotic coronavirus has crossed species to infect human populations. Given the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) outbreak in 2002 and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak in 2012, 2019-nCoV is the third coronavirus to emerge in the human population in the past 18 years-an outbreak that has raised great hue and cry globally as it has sickened thousands of people across the world. This novel coronavirus was named as COVID-19 which stands for Corona Virus Disease 2019. The 2019-nCoV originated from Wuhan, Hubei Province, China beginning in December 2019. The World Health Organization declared it as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. At that point, there were 9826 confirmed cases globally, with 213 deaths. Of these, 9720 cases were in China; outside of China, health authorities reported 106 confirmed cases in 19 countries. As of February 2, the WHO updated the count, reporting 14 557 confirmed cases from 24 countries-14 411 of them in China. In this review we focus our attention on Covid-19 and how different this epidemic is from the previous two outbreak caused by coronavirus.