Hollywood and the war on terror: genre-geopolitics and Jacksonianism in The Kingdom (original) (raw)

This paper explores the popular geopolitics of Hollywood cinema in the years since the terror attacks on New York City and Washington, DC, on September 11, 2001. During this time there has been a surprisingly varied and wide-ranging output of mainstream US movies that take either 9/11, or the consequential ‘war on terror’, as their primary context. We look at one such film in particular, the 2007 film The Kingdom, directed by Peter Berg. Set in Saudi Arabia, the film centres around an FBI-led investigation into a terrorist attack on an American civilian compound. In discussing the narrative and discursive elements of the film, and their relationship to the geopolitics of the war on terror, we also seek to build on recent conceptual developments in popular geopolitics. In particular, we argue that a greater recognition and understanding of the visuality of the geopolitics of film is required. We do this in two main ways. First, we suggest that attention needs to be paid to how images in films are put together. Here we use the notion of montage to show how film produces imaginative maps of connectivity, which in this context bear relation to the production of a series of ‘extraterritorialities’ in the war on terror. Second, we contend that greater attention to the notion of genre (in this case the action-thriller) can provide productive forms of analysis. More specifically, we argue that the action-thriller genre has certain political tendencies, especially towards what has been termed Jacksonianism.

The rise of dark americana: depicting the war on terror on screen

In the wake of the 9/11 attacks the American film industry took a while to react to the Islamist threat at home and abroad. From 2005, however, Hollywood responded to the threat to the homeland and the War on Terror "over there" in Iraq and Afghanistan in a variety of ways. This article examines the nature of that response and whether it evinces, as critics allege, that the American film industry reflects and shapes a capitalist and imperialist agenda. More particularly, by evaluating the cinematic treatment of both the Iraq war and the problem of surveillance, rendition, and homeland security, the analysis explores what this distinctive on-screen genre tells about how the U.S. cultural mainstream has dealt with the challenge global jihadism poses to American values. The analysis suggests that post-9/11 movie making, while sometimes bleak and often clich ed, is cognizant of the gray area morality inherent in fighting the "War on Terror," and is still thus able to offer some possibilities for sophisticated reflection.

Chapter 2: Cinema and Terror

For the US, the period following the events of 9/11 has been one of deep suspicion and terror of its own history. However, as this chapter proposes, Hollywood has offered a way to rescue and construct another narrative—one that is more palatable—offering ‘a way out’ of contemplating actual events too difficult to face. These re-narrations take the form of revisiting events such as 9/11, thus re-enacting the “farcical spectacle of the impotency of American power.” Specific attention is given to how these re-narrations take the form of the construction of the Arab Other through a discussion of television and video installation forms. The example of Showtime’s Homeland television series reveals the prevalence of dominant narratives and media constructions of paranoia. Consideration is then given to video and installation artworks that suggest counter narratives to dominant narratives of paranoia: the art of montage in the drama-documentary forms of Adam Curtis; the discursive approach of Harun Farocki; and the adoption of un-fittedness as an act of dissensus in my own art practice. These models are explained through the image and motion theories of Sergei Eisenstein, who brought to the screen the technical, aesthetic, and ideological potentials of montage, after which other more recent models of montage are examined.

The Naturalization of “Good” Violence in Recent Films About the War on Terror

2017

This thesis undertakes a narrative analysis of three recent films about the war on terror: Olympus Has Fallen (2013), American Sniper (2014) and London Has Fallen (2016) to study how these movies produce meaning with regard to the worldwide fight against terrorism and the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Drawing on Barthes´ theory of semiotics and Foucault´s notion of Subjectification and Knowledge/power, this research explores the construction of the terrorist character and the Arab enemy in fictional narratives and how those meanings produce a body of knowledge which defines the imaginary space to think and talk about such phenomena. This thesis also addresses the discursive practices used to legitimize and naturalize procedures such as the torture of terrorists and the killing of children and women at the hands of U.S. soldiers or American secret agents. Finally, this thesis explores the ways in which these filmic productions have begun to implicate audience members in the perpetration of symbolic violence by constructing specific locations for the viewer, through which the message makes more sense. v

Screening terror: Hollywood, the United States and the construction of danger

This paper is concerned with how and with what consequences Hollywood studios have approached the issue of terrorism. By drawing on the literatures of critical terrorism studies and critical geopolitics, a number of films are analysed for the purpose of considering the nature and motivation of terrorists, the objects of their assaults, the geographical location of the actual dramas, and the responses deemed necessary in the face of such apparent dangers. Finally, the paper briefly considers how one segment of film audiences, namely, participants (usually avid fans) who engage via online forums such as the Internet Movie Data Base (IMDb), engage and contest the movies themselves. The movie Rendition (2007) provides a brief example of how fans respond to a film explicitly concerned with terrorism and torture. This is important for considering how people make sense of films above and beyond their role as a highly successful form of entertainment.

The Role of Hollywood Cinema in Geopolitical Representation of the Middle East

In recent decades, the role-playing of the media has paved the way for the emergence of a new discourse named popular geopolitics that has the potential to link public opinion to geographical policies. Researchers in the context of popular geopolitics seek to evaluate methods of representing geographical phenomena and geopolitical events in media such as cinema. The current study, given the significance of The Concept of the Political as a kind of discourse in popular geopolitics and its impact on public opinion, seeks to choose the Middle East geopolitical region as the subject of the Hollywood cinema representation to examine the structures that try to guide public opinion and increase its power in the region with the help of The Political tools such as political romanticism and political theology. In this context, selected works of cinema made during the presidencies of George W. Bush and Barack Obama between 2000 and 2015 have been selected for this analysis.

ART AND GEOPOLITICS: AMERICAN CULTURAL PRODUCTION AFTER 9/11

In the paper I discuss Hollywood poetics and ways in which it is related to historical and (geo)political context, including means of (re)presenting reality in Hollywood movies and dominating discourses of that (re)presentation. In second part my focus is on the debate in post 9/11 production. On examples of several movies, I will examine how Hollywood producers, screenplay writers and directors respond to geopolitical changes caused by the US international relations. As theoretical background for research of Hollywood poetics. IMethods and instruments provided by Cultural materialism–literary theory are analytical tool. Beside this theory in examination of the movie industry responding to the geopolitical context post 9/11the works of Jean-Michele Valantin (2003) and Cynthia Weber (2006) related to movie industry in the research of popular geopolitics are also used . Object of research, according to the guidelines of Cultural materialism, will be Hollywood mainstream production.

Warfare on the Conceptual Battlespace: Third Cinemas Transformation of War on Terror Discourse

2016

American Popular film on the War on Terror plays a powerful role establishing cultural and political discourses surrounding the War on Terror. Furthermore, the attempts of liberal films as a source of critique of American Hollywood conservative War on Terror films are insufficient. I argue that Third Cinema from the Middle East provides a necessary counter-discourse in providing platforms for alternative discussions regarding definitions of terrorism and the production of the Orientalist other. “By dismissing popular cinema as harmless entertainment, it becomes more resonant. U.S. cinema rarely creates images of itself as it is, but it’s been able to competently show U.S. society as it wants to see itself.” -Andre Bazin American War on Terror films sustain arenas that produce a damaging War on Terror discourse. The knowledge produced by War on Terror or post 9/11 films establishes “truths” that have real effects in the world. These films establish what is publicly discussed and deba...

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