Нови сведения за развитието на рударството в българските земи през XV-XVI в./New information about the development of ore-mining in the Bulgarian lands in 15th-16th c. (original) (raw)
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YÖRÜKLER II, 2022
Sources from the XV-XVII centuries - Ottoman laws, fermans, tax registers and other types of documents, record the existence of a number of categories of population with special obligations that cover the entire production cycle - from ore mining to transportation of finished products. In this report we aim to study the role of the Yörüks in the process of mining and processing of ore in Rumelia in the XV - XVII centuries. To achieve this goal we will use unpublished Ottoman documents stored in the funds Tapu Tahrir Defterleri, Kamil Kepeci Defterleri (Mevkufat Kalemi) and Maliyeden Müdevver Defterleri of the Ottoman archives with the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, Istanbul (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi). After analyzing the studied documents, we found that at the end of the XV century in order to restore the mines and furnaces in Thrace and overcome the shortage of productive population, the Ottoman government engaged in the process of processing ore persons belonging to the corps of the Yörüks. According to the specific circumstances, their connection with mining is expressed in three main directions: the implementation of security functions in the mines; participation in the transportation of the ore or the wood and coal necessary for its processing and direct work in the mines. In the following centuries, the Yörüks continued to take an active part in the mining process or in the field serving the mining process in the villages in the province of Rumelia. The presence of Yörüks belonging to the sancak of the Kocacık Yörüks has been established.
ON SALT, COPPER AND GOLD THE ORIGINS OF EARLY MINING AND METALLURGY IN THE CAUCASUS, 2021
An international conference focused on the beginnings of mining and metallurgy in the Caucasus was organised in Tbilisi in June 16th-19th 2016 under the auspices of the National Museum of Georgia. This conference, which was funded by the Agence nationale de la recherche (France) and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Germany), aimed at discussing the intricate relationships between the emergence of mining and metallurgy, and the shaping of late prehistoric societies in southwestern Asia. The Caucasus is renowned in Near Eastern archaeology for its wealth in natural resources, in particular in metal ores: for decades, scholars have surmised a specific causal relationships between the rise of complex, hierarchical societies in the Near-East and the development of extractive metallurgy. Metallurgy, however, is only the most visible part of the story that accounts for the dramatic changes perceptible in southwestern Asia in the course of the 5th millennium BCE. Early mining, which is not restricted to metal-ore mining, certainly also had an impact in terms of economic networks, social dynamics, settlement patterns and regional integration, not only across the Caucasus, but also in the ancient Near and Middle East. Drawing on these fundamental questions, this book explores the socioeconomic , technological and environmental background that favoured the rise of systematic mining and extractive metallurgy in the Caucasus at the end of the Chalcolithic. How far was early mining linked to the spread of specific subsistence strategies such as pastoral herding? Were mined resources mainly intended for local consumption or distributed throughout the Near East, towards Anatolia, Iran or Mesopotamia? Here are some of the issues that are discussed in the present volume, which contains 21 articles written by some of the most eminent specialists in Caucasian archaeology. Un colloque international axé sur les origines de l' extraction minière et de la métallurgie dans le Caucase s' est déroulé à Tbilisi du 16 au 19 juin 2016, sous les auspices du Musée national de Géorgie. Ce colloque, financé par l' Agence nationale de la recherche (France) et la Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Allemagne), avait pour objectif d'aborder les relations entre la naissance des mines et de la métallurgie, et l' évolution des sociétés protohistoriques en Asie du Sud-Ouest. Le Caucase est connu en archéologie orientale pour sa richesse en matières premières, en particulier pour ses ressources métallifères ; pendant des décennies, les chercheurs ont présupposé l' existence d'un lien de causalité particulier entre l' émergence de sociétés complexes hiérarchisées au Proche et Moyen-Orient et le développement de la métallurgie extractive. Pourtant, la métallurgie n' est que la partie émergée d'une histoire marquée par des changements spectaculaires tout au long du V e millénaire avant notre ère. L' extraction minière, par exemple, qui ne se réduit d' ailleurs pas à l' exploitation des minerais métallifères, a certainement eu aussi un impact sur les dynamiques sociales, les structures de peuplement, l' organisation des réseaux économiques et les processus d'intégration régionale, en Orient comme dans le Caucase. Partant de ces questions fondamentales, cet ouvrage explore le contexte socioéconomique, technologique et environnemental dans lequel se sont développées la métallurgie et l'extraction minière à la fin du Chalcolithique dans le Caucase. Ainsi, dans quelle mesure les premières exploitations minières sont-elles liées à des stratégies de subsistance spécifiques, tel le pastoralisme ? Les ressources exploitées étaient-elles destinées à la seule consommation locale ? Ou bien étaient-elles aussi distribuées à travers le Proche-Orient, l' Anatolie, l'Iran ou la Mésopotamie ? Tels sont les thèmes abordés dans ce volume, qui contient 21 articles rédigés par quelques-uns des plus éminents spécialistes de l'archéologie du Caucase.
Technology of the Chalcolithic Copper Metallurgy in present day Bulgarian lands. Two metallogenic zones – two technological decisions?, 2018
JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEОLOGICAL RESEARCH, 2018, 1, 7-16. ABSTRACT: During the Copper age present day Bulgarian lands are part of two wide metallogenic zones – Eastern and Western. The Eastern zone includes present day Eastern Bulgaria. The Western zone includes present day Western Bulgaria, Eastern and Southern Serbia. The Eastern zone is characterized by it’s polymetallic, „dirty”, ores, while for the Western typical are the “pure” copper minerals. The “dirty” ores can be extracted in controlled reductive environment and prolonged maintenance of constant temperature. Such conditions are not needed for the smelting of the “pure” copper ores. In ancient times there were used two main technologies to extract the copper from the ores: 1. smelting in crucibles; 2. smelting in furnaces. However, only the “pure” copper ores can be smelted in crucibles, because they don’t release slag. Crucibles are found mostly in present day Western Bulgaria. On the other hand, furnaces suitable for “dirty”ore smelting, are known only from the eastern part of present day Bulgaria. So, it is obvious that the metallurgical technology used in modern day Western Bulgaria differs from the used in Eastern Bulgaria. Those differences probably are due to the characteristic features of the ores in which of the two metallogenic zones. In Eastern Bulgaria the “dirty” ores were preferred, while in the western part of modern Bulgarian lands the main aim of the miners were the monometallic copper minerals. On the other hand, during the early Chalcolithic in present day Eastern Serbia “dirty” ores were purposefully smelted, while during the late Chalcolithic dominates the usage of “pure” cooper minerals. This could be caused by the fact that in the late Chalcolithic the territory of modern Eastern Serbia becomes part of the Krivodol-Salcuţa-Bubani cultural phenomenon, whose roots derive from present day Western Bulgaria. So, it could be considered that the preferring of specific kinds of ores during the Chalcolithic is not subordinate only to the existing natural resources, but also to culturally distinct technological traditions.
Prehistoric Mining and Metallurgy at the Southeast Bulgarian Black Sea Coast
RessourcenKulturen 12, 2020
This volume presents the results of research on pre-industrial mining in the region along the south-eastern Bulgarian Black Sea coast. During rescue excavations some prehistoric settlements with traces of early copper processing were uncovered. This initiated a thorough investigation of the copper ore deposits of Burgas, Rosen and Medi Rid that were mined until recently. Their archaeometallurgical investigation was a project of the Tübingen SFB 1070 ResourceCultures. The research results include an overview of the archaeological research along the southern Bulgarian coastal zone of the Black Sea and the now flooded sites in its shore area. The timeframe ranges from the earliest use of metals in the 5th millennium BC to the period of the ‘Greek Colonisation’ and later.
Stoychev, Ruslan – Iliev, Stanislav † – Popov, Hristo – Ivanov, Ivan: The ancient gold mine Stremtsi-Rani List in Eastern Rhodope Mountains, 2024
One of the best-preserved ancient gold mines in the Eastern Rhodope Mountains is located in the lands of the Stremtsi and Rani List villages, Kardzhali municipality, South Bulgaria. Preliminary information about the mine appeared in local history studies, local media and preliminary geological publications in the 20th and early 21st centuries. This text is a brief overview of the systematic research of the archaeological site that began in 2017. Several successive stages of fieldwork were carried out – preliminary registration, work with nondestructive remote methods and trench excavations. The discovered archaeological materials demonstrate at least three periods of activity: the Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age, the 3rd–6th centuries CE and the 10th –12th centuries CE. Materials testifying to an earlier human presence in the area of the ore deposit were also found during the research. Although at an initial stage, the evaluation of the achieved results indicates that the ancient gold mine near Stremtsi delivers a good perspective for long-term mining-archaeological research.