Coronavirus disease-2019: A brief overview (original) (raw)
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COVID-19: A pandemic declare by world health organization
Ijcaap, 2020
A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, currently known as 2019-nCoV) cause an acute respiratory disease which is termed as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) recently has spread firstly in China and subsequently to other parts of world too and therefore, received worldwide attention. After the spread in China, World Health Organization (WHO) on 30 January 2020 officially declared the COVID-19 epidemic as a public health emergency of international concern. In the twenty-first century, firstly in 2002, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 resulted in the severe acute respiratory syndrome followed by the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012, which was also remarked as the highly pathogenic and large-scale epidemic coronavirus affected the human population. As per data released by WHO on 1 March 2020, globally a total of 87,137 cases and 79,968 cases in China were confirmed with 2977 deaths (3.4%) worldwide. Subsequently, researchers have identified that SARS-CoV-2 belongs to β-coronavirus, which is quite similar to genome which belongs to bat coronavirus, declaring bat as the natural host for the particular virus. The novel coronavirus make use of the same receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) which was used by SARS-CoV, and chiefly spreads through the respiratory tract. Dominantly, this COVID-19 virus shows evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission, across the globe. The foremost clinical symptoms showing by most of the patients were fever, dry cough, fatigue, difficulty in breathing and less commonly gastrointestinal infections. The older and persons with underlying diseases like any cardiac problem, diabetes, cancer or kidney problems are more susceptible to COVID-19 infection and also vulnerable to serious outcomes, which may be associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and cytokine storm. If we talk about the treatment part, currently, there are few specific antiviral strategies, but several drug regimen and other antibody type investigations are under trial. The present review summarizes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 with the current treatment procedures and future scientific advancements to combat the epidemic novel coronavirus.
COVID-19: A Conundrum to Decipher
OBJECTIVE: Recent worldwide outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of respiratory coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is a current, ongoing life-threatening crisis and international public health emergency. The early diagnosis and management of the disease remains a major challenge. In this review, we aim to summarize the updated epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, as well as prevention and control of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A broad search of the literature was performed in “PubMed” “Medline” “Web of knowledge”, and “Google Scholar” World Health Organization-WHO” using the keywords “severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus”, “2019-nCoV”, “COVID-19, “SARS”, “SARS-CoV-2” “Epidemiology” “Transmission” “Pathogenesis” “Clinical Characteristics”. We reviewed and documented the information obtained from literature on epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical appearances of SAR...
Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 2022
BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‑2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) causes COVID‑19. On March 11, 2020, the WHO declared it a pandemic. SARS‑CoV‑2 indicates that it poses a significant threat to public health and the global economy. The aim of the study was to determine (a) patient characteristics, (b) demographic characteristics, (c) comorbidities, diagnostic methods used, treatment, and outcomes, and (d) mortality rates of patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included 352 hospitalized adult patients from Baskent University Hospital in Ankara who were confirmed cases of COVID‑19 between March 2020 and March 2021. SPSS v. 14.0 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Out of 352 patients, 55 died (males: 37, females: 18), while 297 survived (males: 162, females: 135). The most common comorbidities were hypertension (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM), coronary artery disease (CAD), cancer, Vitamin D deficiency, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Comorbidities associated with mortality rate were obesity (33%) (P = 0.118), Vitamin D deficiency (28%) (P = 0.009), DM (25%) (P = 0.004), CAD (21.2%) (P = 0.142), cancer (20.9%) (P = 0.084), and HT (16.6%) (P = 0.90). Normal ward admission resulted in death in 67.3% and survival in 93.9% (P = 0.001), intensive care unit (ICU) admission resulted in death in 69.1% and survival in 18.5% (P = 0.001), and oxygen therapy was used in 80% death and survival in 39.4% (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that male gender, advanced age, and presence of comorbidities in COVID-19 patients are at higher risk for severe disease, ICU admission, and death. We emphasize that morbidity and mortality can be reduced by early and comprehensive identification of risk factors and the warning systems that will meet the ICU needs of these patients. Keywords: Comorbidities, COVID‑19, demography, early identification, morbidity, mortality
A comprehensive review: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
2020
In March 2020 the World Health Organization described the SARS-Cov-2 virus as global pandemic. In the whole world, confirmed cases and death rate are increasing in exponential way. SARS-Cov-2 belong to the genus Coronavirus with its high mutation rate in the Coronaviridae. The strain probably in bats and it is zoonotic but human-to-human transmission is also possible. The disease is transmitted by contact with infected droplets or inhalation and the incubation period may ranges from 2 to 14 days. The symptoms usually include fever, sore throat, cough, breathlessness, fatigue, malaise among others. In most people the diseases are mild; whereas some (usually the elderly and those with comorbidities), it may progress to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi organ dysfunction. Many people are asymptomatic. Treatment is essentially supportive; role of antiviral agents is yet to be established. Antiviral regimen or combination of hydroxychloroquine with azithromy...
Guidelines for the Management of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019)
Journal of Anesthesiology and Clinical Research
The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 vary widely, ranging from asymptomatic/asymptomatic to very severe respiratory distress. Both the body's immune response, both the natural body's immune response and the adaptive body's immune response, play a very important role in the course of COVID-19. Most patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 show symptoms of the respiratory system such as fever, coughing, sneezing, and shortness of breath. The most common symptoms are fever, dry cough, fatigue, and anosmia or ageusia. The management of COVID-19 focuses on isolation, improving the immune system, and handling comorbid patients.
A REVIEW -CORONA VIRUS (COVID-19
IJRTI, 2020
An acute respiratory disease, caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, previously known as 2019-nCoV), the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread throughout China and received worldwide attention. On 30 January 2020, World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared the COVID-19 epidemic as a public health emergency of international concern. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2, since the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012, marked the third introduction of a highly pathogenic and large-scale epidemic coronavirus into the human population in the twenty-first century. As of 1 March 2020, a total of 87,137 confirmed cases globally, 79,968 confirmed in China and 7169 outside of China, with 2977 deaths (3.4%) had been reported by WHO. Meanwhile, several independent research groups have identified that SARS-CoV-2 belongs to β-coronavirus, with highly identical genome to bat coronavirus, pointing to bat as the natural host. The novel coronavirus uses the same receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as that for SARS-CoV, and mainly spreads through the respiratory tract. Importantly, increasingly evidence showed sustained human-to-human transmission, along with many exported cases across the globe. The clinical symptoms of COVID-19 patients include fever, cough, fatigue and a small population of patients appeared gastrointestinal infection symptoms. The elderly and people with underlying diseases are susceptible to infection and prone to serious outcomes, which may be associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and cytokine storm.Currently, there are few specific antiviral strategies, but several potent candidates of antivirals and repurposed drugs are under urgent investigation. In this review, we summarized the latest research progress of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical characteristics of COVID-19, and discussed the current treatment and scientific advancements to combat the epidemic novel coronavirus.
A compendium answering 150 questions on COVID‐19 and SARS‐CoV‐2
Allergy, 2020
In December 2019, China reported the first cases of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This disease, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has developed into a pandemic. To date, it has resulted in ~9 million confirmed cases and caused almost 500 000 related deaths worldwide. Unequivocally, the COVID-19 pandemic is the gravest health and socioeconomic crisis of our time. In this context, numerous questions have emerged in demand of basic scientific information and evidence-based medical advice on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Although the majority of the patients show a very mild, self-limiting viral respiratory disease, many clinical manifestations in severe patients are unique to COVID-19, such as severe lymphopenia and eosinopenia, extensive pneumonia, a "cytokine storm" leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome, endothelitis, | 2505 RIGGIONI et al.
Coronavirus DISEASE-19 (COVID-19): The Disease That Changed the World
TURKISH MEDICAL STUDENT JOURNAL, 2020
In December 2019, several cases of severe pneumonia were identified in Wuhan City, the capital of Hubei province. Upon further investigation, the pathogen causing these symptoms was identified and named as SARS-CoV-2 and the disease was given the name COVID-19 by the World Health Organization. Being able to spread rapidly through respiratory droplets and capable of asymptomatic transmission, COVID-19 became a health concern of a global scale in a matter of months. The most common signs and symptoms of COVID-19 patients at hospital admission are fever, dry cough, and dyspnea. Most people experience the disease with mild symptoms but in more severe cases these can develop into pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. In this review, we aim to summarize the current information over COVID-19 and its causative agent SARS-CoV-2.
Novel 2019 coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): An updated overview for emergency clinicians
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The novel coronavirus, COVID-19, has quickly become a worldwide threat to health, travel, and commerce. This overview analyzes the best information from the early research, including epidemiologic and demographic features from SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV viruses; lessons learned from the experience of an emergency physician in Northern Italy, where the outbreak has devastated the healthcare system; evidence on transmission and prevention through safe use of PPE; evidence and advice on SARS-CoV-2 testing and co-infection; management options; airway management options; steps for rapid sequence intubation in the ED and managing disaster ventilation; and information on managing pediatric and pregnant patients.
Past, present and future of Covid-19 pandemic; review of the pathophysiology and clinical management
Annals of Clinical and Analytical Medicine, 2021
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has been caused by the worldwide infectious spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Its mechanism of action involves RNA virus implantation into the cell’s cytoplasm and the hijack of transcriptional machinery. The infection primarily afflicts the pulmonary system, resulting in multiple complications including, but not limited to, ground glass opacities seen on imaging. Characteristic features of COVID-19 involve pneumonia, shortness of breath, asthma, nasal congestion, sore throat, fever, fatigue, myalgia and it also encompasses a wide variety of other systemic symptoms. Multiple pharmaceutical agents have been tried as a treatment for COVID-19 but the results are inconsistent. With the intention of stopping person-to-person transmission, health measures such as quarantine and social distancing have been adopted, but the implementation was difficult. After the first wave of the pandemic, the second wave sur...