Speed of Inhibition Predicts Teacher‐rated Medication Response in Boys with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (original) (raw)
Related papers
ADHD and Behavioral Inhibition: A Re-examination of the Stop-signal Task
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2008
The current study investigates two recently identified threats to the construct validity of behavioral inhibition as a core deficit of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) based on the stop-signal task: calculation of mean reaction time from go-trials presented adjacent to intermittent stop-trials, and non-reporting of the stop-signal delay metric. Children with ADHD (n=12) and typically developing (TD) children (n=11) were administered the standard stop-signal task and three variant stop-signal conditions. These included a no-tone condition administered without the presentation of an auditory tone; an ignore-tone condition that presented a neutral (i.e., not associated with stopping) auditory tone; and a second ignore-tone condition that presented a neutral auditory tone after the tone had been previously paired with stopping. Children with ADHD exhibited significantly slower and more variable reaction times to go-stimuli, and slower stopsignal reaction times relative to TD controls. Stop-signal delay was not significantly different between groups, and both groups' go-trial reaction times slowed following meaningful tones. Collectively, these findings corroborate recent meta-analyses and indicate that previous findings of stop-signal performance deficits in ADHD reflect slower and more variable responding to visually presented stimuli and concurrent processing of a second stimulus, rather than deficits of motor behavioral inhibition.
The Japanese Journal of Special Education
is knewn well as a developmental disorder characterized by behavioral inhibition. The present study aimed to investigate developmental changes and characteristics of inhibitory control in children with ADHD. For this purpose, we used a stop-signal task, modifying the procedure in order to determine the timing of the stop delay so that the timing was related to individual response speed, Participants, elementary-school-age children with ADHD (jV == 18) and without ADHD (controls; N=64), were divided into 2 groups, younger and older. The children with ADHD had variable reaction time; the rate of their errors was high compared to the control children. Their reactions to go signals were ineficient; there were no differences between the 2 ADHD groups on the inhibition. Some children with ADHD were able to inhibit the response to go signals and used waiting strategies, as did the control children. However, the change in their inhibitory control with increasing age was slow in comparison with the control children. We found that how the strategies were used was related to inhibitory control.
Inhibition in ADHD and non-ADHD children ages 6-12 years
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that begins to emerge in childhood. This disorder is caused by an impaired prefrontal cortex (PFC) development that affects executive functions, particularly in inhibition, resulting in loss of cognitive and behavior control. This research aims to investigate the difference between inhibition in ADHD and non-ADHD children ages 6-12 years old and between the three subtypes of ADHD. Subjects in this study were children with ADHD (N=34) which consists of the inattentive type (N=14), hyperactive-impulsive type (N=9), and combination type (N=11), as well as non-ADHD children (N=34). This research used the causal-comparative method. The instrument which was utilized in this study is The Stroop Color and Word test to measure inhibition. Results of this research showed that there are differences in inhibition between ADHD and non-ADHD children and between age 6-9 years and 10-12 years old children. However, there is no difference of inhibition between three subtypes of ADHD.
Is inhibition impaired in ADHD
British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 2005
In the target paper, lists concerns about measures of attention and control that are used throughout the field of clinical developmental psychology. In particular, doubts are raised about the construct validity of the measures of attention that led to conclude that sustained attention is deficient in ADHD whereas selective attention is not. We support the criticism, but argue that Wilding's suggestion that executive dysfunction is the fundamental problem underlying ADHD symptoms does not bring us much closer to understanding ADHD. We illustrate this by evaluating the more specified claim that inhibitory deficiencies are the fundamental problem underlying ADHD.
Two sides of the same coin: ADHD affects reactive but not proactive inhibition in children
Cognitive Neuropsychology, 2021
Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) present a deficit in inhibitory control. Still, it remains unclear whether it comes from a deficit in reactive inhibition (ability to stop the action in progress), proactive inhibition (ability to exert preparatory control), or both. We compared the performance of 39 children with ADHD and 42 typically developing children performing a Simon choice reaction time task. The Simon task is a conflict task that is well-adapted to dissociate proactive and reactive inhibition. Beyond classical global measures (mean reaction time, accuracy rate, and interference effect), we used more sophisticated dynamic analyses of the interference effect and accuracy rate to investigate reactive inhibition. We studied proactive inhibition through the congruency sequence effect (CSE). Our results showed that children with ADHD had impaired reactive but not proactive inhibition. Moreover, the deficit found in reactive inhibition seems to be due to both a stronger impulse capture and more difficulties in inhibiting impulsive responses. These findings contribute to a better understanding of how ADHD affects inhibitory control in children.
Examining Manual and Visual Response Inhibition Among ADHD Subtypes
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2010
This study compared inhibitory functioning among ADHD subtype groups on manual and visual versions of the stop task. Seventy-six children, identified as ADHD/I (n = 17), ADHD/C (n =43), and comparison (n = 20) completed both tasks. Results indicated that both ADHD groups were slower to inhibit responses than the comparison group on both tasks. Comparison children were faster to inhibit than activate responses on both tasks. Children in the ADHD groups also demonstrated this robust pattern on the manual task. However, on the visual task, the ADHD groups evidenced slowed inhibition comparable to the time required to activate responding. This implies that the visual task is more sensitive than the manual task to inhibitory deficits associated with ADHD. The ADHD/I and the ADHD/C groups did not differ on most measures, suggesting that neither stop task is effective in differentiating the subtypes. These findings extend work highlighting the role of disinhibition in ADHD, and contrast recent work suggesting divergence between ADHD subtypes.
The Japanese Journal of Special Education
The Continuous Perfbrmance Test (CPT) performance of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was compared to an age-matched control group. We used the CPT-AX paradigm. To maintain uncertainty of the stimulus series, we implemented three diflerent ISIs between the warning stimulus and the fbllowing stimulus. Both ADHD and control subject participants were divided into three groups by age (9, 11, and 13). In the control group, performance changed developmentally and the effect of ISI was diflerent in each age group. The ADHD group made more errors (miss, false alarm) and indicated larger variance of percentages and reaction times of hits than the contrels. These results suggested that children with ADHD have diMculty controlling response inhibition toward coping with ISI changes eflectively. In conclusion, CPT-AX under various ISI conditions may contribute to evaluate a diMculty of the response control of children with ADHD.
Restraint and Cancellation: Multiple Inhibition Deficits in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2007
We used variations of the stop signal task to study two components of motor response inhibition—the ability to withhold a strong response tendency (restraint) and the ability to cancel an ongoing action (cancellation)—in children with a diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and in non-ADHD controls of similar age (ages 7–14 years). The goal was to determine if restraint and cancellation were related and if both were deficient in ADHD. The stop signal task involved a choice reaction time task (go task) which required a rapid response. The demand for inhibitory control was invoked through the presentation of a stop signal on a subset of go trials which required that the ongoing response be suspended. The stop signal was presented either concurrently with the go signal (restraint version) or after a variable delay (cancellation version). In Study 1, we compared ADHD and control children on the cancellation version of the stop task; in Study 2, we compared ADHD and controls on the restraint version. In Study 3, a subset of ADHD and control participants completed both tasks so that we could examine convergence of these dimensions of inhibition. Compared to control participants, ADHD participants showed a deficit both in the ability to cancel and to restrain a speeded motor response. Performance on the restraint version was significantly correlated with performance on the cancellation version in controls, but not in ADHD participants. We conclude that ADHD is associated with deficits in both restraint and cancellation subcomponents of inhibition.
This study compares behavioral and electrophysiological (P300) responses recorded in a cued continuous performance task (CPT-AX) performed by children with attention deficit hyperactivity disordercombined subtype (ADHD-com) and age-matched healthy controls. P300 cognitive-evoked potentials and behavioral data were recorded in eight children with ADHD (without comorbidity) and nine control children aged 8-12 years while performing a CPT-AX task. Such task enables to examine several kinds of false alarms and three different kinds of P300 responses: the ''Cue P300'', the ''Go P300'' and the ''NoGo P300'', respectively, associated with preparatory processing/attentional orienting, motor/ response execution and motor/response inhibition.