Coarse woody debris in old Pinus sylvestris dominated forests along a geographic and human impact gradient in boreal Fennoscandia (original) (raw)
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Lohmus & Lohmus 2005 CWD and forest history
During the 20th century, large agricultural areas in Eastern Europe became forested after their abandonment. To explore the value of these new forests for biota, we assessed volumes of coarse woody debris (CWD) on random transects in mid-aged (40-75 years old) stands. In mixed and deciduous forests that were not forested in the 1930s, downed tree (log) volumes were about two times lower than in cutover sites. The effect on snag volume depended on site type and was generally nonsignificant. Large-diameter CWD showed similar proportions in the long-term and new forest areas, but large, well-decayed trunks tended to be less frequent in the latter. No reduction of dead wood volume was found in new pine stands, 98% of which had previously been classified as mires (bogs). Hence the origin of mid-aged successional forests had affected their CWD supply (particularly logs) to some extent, but the general scarcity of CWD all over the forest land indicated much larger (at least five-fold) losses due to timber harvesting. We conclude that naturally reforested areas should not be automatically excluded from reserve establishment or other CWD-related conservation programmes.
2013
Merci à Annie Desrochers pour ces échanges enrichissants et ses généreux prêts de matériel et d'aides de terrain. Merci à Osvaldo Valeria et Régis Pouliot pour leurs conseils en géomatique. Merci à Claude Lebel et Frédéric Bédard, qui m'ont permis de réaliser un projet avec les industries Norbord co-subventionné par l'organisme Mitacs. Merci aussi à Martin Beaudouin pour le suivi des coupes forestières du dispositif expérimental et encore merci à François Lorenzetti pour son implication dans ce projet. Merci à mes proches : parents, frères et soeurs. Malgré l' éloignement, ils m'ont accompagné et inspiré tout au long de ces années. Merci à ma conjointe, Caroline Trudeau. Merci Caro pour ton aide sur le terrain, tes commentaires sur mes travaux, ton soutien moral, ton écoute au quotidien, tes encouragements et ta patience. Sans toi, je ne me serais vraisemblablement pas rendu là, merci de m'avoir épaulé jusqu'au bout de cette aventure. Et finalement, merci de m'avoir donné un fils et de me proposer de nouveaux défis. Le soutien financier pour ce projet a été fourni par le Fonds québécois de recherche sur la nature et les technologies (FQRNT), le Conseil de recherche en sciences naturelles et en génie du Canada (CSRNG), et la Chaire industrielle CRSNG-UQAT-UQAM en aménagement forestier durable. A V ANT PROPOS Cette thèse est composée de quatre chapitres rédigés sous forme d'articles scientifiques. Pour chaque article, j'ai été le principal responsable du design expérimental, de la récolte et de la compilation des données, des analyses statistiques, et de la rédaction des manuscrits. Je suis le premier auteur de chacun des articles de ma thèse et mes directeurs ont participé à la révision et 1 'amélioration des manuscrits à titre de co-auteurs. Le style d'écriture varie légèrement entre les chapitres puisqu'il s ont été rédigés dans le but d' être publiés dans des revues scientifiques différentes. Le premier chapitre, intitulé « Effects of forest tent caterpillar defoliation and stand characteristics on deciduous tree mortality » est en préparation pour la Revue Canadienne de Recherche Forestière. Le deuxième chapitre, intitulé « Gap dynamics in aspen stands of the clay belt of northwestern Quebec following a Forest tent caterpillar outbreak », a été publié en 2011 dans la Revue Canadienne de Recherche Forestière (41 : 1606-1617). Le troisième chapitre, intitulé « Effects of a fore st tent caterpillar outbreak on the dynamics of mixedwoods boreal forests of eastern Canada » a été soumis à la revue Écoscience et est actuellement en révision. Le quatrième chapitre, intitulé « Growth and mortality of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) in response to artificial defoliation: a three-year experiment at the stand level », a été soumis à la revue Oecologia et est actuellement en révision.
Annals of Forest Science, 2005
Dead wood is an important structure for conservation purposes and for maintaining biodiversity. In this context, snags were studied under different conditions in silver fir ancient forests of the southern French Alps. The impact of management status and developmental phases were estimated on both quantity and quality of this material. SDT volume averaged 64.6 ± 19.8 m 3 •ha-1 and 15.8 ± 6.0 m 3 •ha-1 in unmanaged and managed ancient forests, respectively. SDT volume varied according to the point in the silvicultural cycle and silvigenesis cycle ranging from 4.3 ± 3.4 m 3 •ha-1 in early aggradation phase of managed forests to 202.3 ± 48.6 m 3 •ha-1 in degradation phase of unmanaged forest. Large SDT significantly belonged to the degradation phase of unmanaged forests. Our research showed that SDT density in this ancient forests was mainly governed by natural processes. An average of 9 large SDT per ha has been proposed to preserve the ecological processes. Alps / ancient forest / dead wood / ecological persistence / silver fir Résumé-Gestion du bois mort sur pied : comparaison entre forêts anciennes gérées et subnaturelles des Alpes du Sud françaises. La quantité de bois mort est un enjeu important dans la conservation et le maintien de la biodiversité forestière. Dans ce contexte, les bois morts sur pied ont été étudiés dans des hêtraies-sapinières anciennes des Alpes du Sud françaises. L'impact du mode de gestion et des différentes phases du cycle sylvicultural et de la mosaïque sylvatique a été estimé. Le volume moyen de bois mort sur pied atteint 64,6 ± 19,8 m 3 •ha-1 dans les forêts anciennes inexploitées, alors qu'il n'est que de 15,8 ± 6,0 m 3 •ha-1 dans les forêts exploitées. Ce volume moyen varie selon la mosaïque sylvatique, passant de 4,3 ± 3,4 m 3 •ha-1 dans la jeune phase d'aggradation des forêts anciennes exploitées à 202,3 ± 48,6 m 3 •ha-1 dans la phase de sénescence des forêts anciennes inexploitées. Cette dernière contient significativement les gros bois sec sur pied (DBH > 43 cm). Nos résultats montrent que dans ces écosystèmes montagnards, la disponibilité en bois mort sur pied, est due essentiellement aux fortes contraintes environnementales en présence. Alpes / bois mort / forêt ancienne / persistance écologique / sapin pectiné
Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 2005
The coarse woody debris (CWD) was inventoried in two boreal Estonian conifer-dominated forest landscapes/national parks, Lahemaa and Karula, with different forestry history and management intensity. The inventoried areas in both national parks consisted of a core with a strict nature reserve (unmanaged) and the surrounding protected special and restricted management zones (management activities in the past). Stands with no records of silvicultural activity since the 1920s (unmanaged) were compared with traditionally harvested stands. CWD was measured as standing dead trees, logs and snags /10 cm in diameter and /1.3 m in length in 304 circular plots (Lahemaa 134 plots, Karula 170 plots; r0/11.28 m, 400 m 2 ). The volumes of CWD varied considerably between individual stands. The mean volume of CWD (standing and down combined) in Lahemaa was 48.5 m 3 ha (1 , ranging from 0.6 to 148.6 m 3 ha (1 . The mean volume of CWD in Karula was 27.6 m 3 ha (1 , ranging from 0.2 to 193.7 m 3 ha (1 from stand to stand. On average, 19.5 m 3 ha (1 (40.2%) of CWD in Lahemaa was standing dead wood and 29.1 m 3 ha (1 (59.8%) down dead wood. In Karula standing dead wood formed 15.2 m 3 ha (1 (55.7%) and down dead wood 12.2 m 3 ha (1 (44.3%). Variation in CWD volumes was clearly dependent on the management history of the stands. Stands with a documented history of management (e.g. cuttings and thinnings) had significantly lower CWD volume than natural stands found mainly in strict nature reserves. Stands selectively logged a long time ago (more than approximately 60 years) did not differ considerably from natural stands in the amount of CWD. The amount of CWD in managed stands (Lahemaa 14.1 m 3 ha (1 and Karula 10.6 m 3 ha (1 ) was comparable to other studies in silviculturally managed forests in the boreal zone. The study shows that CWD amounts in Estonian conditions are similar to previous studies in this region.
Forest Systems, 2009
This study describes the state of coarse dead wood (CDW) in the Forest Reserve and the Managed Forest zones of northern conifer-broadleaved mixed forest. The results showed mean total CDW volumes in the ranges 30,05±11,06 m 3 /ha in the Forest Reserve (6,33±2,98% of the LW volume), and 9,31±2,84 m 3 /ha in the Managed Forest (1,96±0,84% of the LW volume). The total CDW volume was 3,22 times higher in the Forest Reserve than in the Managed Forest.
Forest Research Papers, Vol. 78 (4), 2017
2017
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Forest Research Papers, Vol. 75 (2), 2014
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Forest Ecology and Management
Factors influencing natural variability in coarse woody debris (CWD) as an indicator of ecosystem services in boreal forests need to be better defined. We analysed the CWD characteristics in 194 dynamic primeval boreal forest stands and 3 landscapes under different disturbance regimes. The volume of CWD in the spruce dominated forests linearly increased with increasing annual temperature. The CWD amount and species diversity were higher in spruce than in pine dominated stands. The CWD volume increased in relationship to the types of forest stand dynamics in the order: 'even-aged', 'cohort', 'fine-scale gap'. The CWD volumes were 52.3; 207.0 and 146.8 m 3 ha À1 and the dead:live wood volume ratios were 29%, 102% and 60% in the landscapes with disturbance regimes driven by periodic surface fires, cohort-replacing windthrow, and fine-scale gap dynamics, respectively. Mean dead:live wood volume ratios exceeded 100% in spruce stands with even-aged and cohort dynamics and in pine stands with even-aged and fine-scale gap dynamics. The CWD decay class diversity was higher in pine than in spruce dominated stands. The CWD volume distribution by decay class was the most even in forest stands driven by fine-scale gap dynamics in both spruce and pine dominated stands. The CWD position diversity was higher in spruce than in pine dominated forests. Fallen logs dominated among other CWD position types in the spruce dominated stands with cohort and fine-scale gap dynamics and in pine stands with cohort and even-aged dynamics. Pine forests with fine-scale gap dynamics stored the greatest volume of snags. In the spruce dominated stands, the proportion of leaning logs decreased and the proportion of snags and stumps increased among forest dynamic types in the following order: even-aged, cohort, fine-scale gap. The CWD diameter distribution had peaks in small-sized CWD in even-aged spruce stands and pine stands with fine-scale gap dynamics. Mid-sized CWD dominated in spruce stands driven by cohort and fine-scale gap dynamics and pine stands with even-aged and cohort dynamics. The large quantity of CWD that encompassed a wide range of variation in tree species, decay class, position type and size creates a diversity of CWD habitats for saproxylic organisms and ensures functional resilience in boreal forest ecosystems. Our results stress that mean annual temperatures and natural site-specific disturbance regimes should be taken into account when setting targets for CWD volumes and dead:live wood volume ratios for management and restoration of CWD in boreal forests.
Forest Research Papers, Vol. 78 (1), 2017
2017
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