Clinical Evidence of Possible Drug Targets and Pharmacological Management of Novel Covid-19: The World Threatening Virus (original) (raw)
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The COVID-19 pandemic, originated in December 2019, is that of an unprecedented one. Since the outbreak in China, about 3 million cases of this infection have been diagnosed and over 200 thousand fatalities till the time of writing this article. There is yet no effective drug or vaccine in picture to help humanity combat this virus, SARS-CoV-2. The past couple of decades have witnessed endemic outbreaks in the form of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV. During this existential challenge, it is crucial to know about the peculiarities and action of this virus within the host and also the diagnostics in place for detection of presence of this virus in the host. This article introduces a general overview of the virus, its comparison with previous endemic-causing coronaviruses, and its pathophysiology. It then explains the diagnostics that are developed and currently in practise-their principles and management strategies in India planned to increase their manufacturing-to test patients for COVID-19. This article also includes the scientific journey of Hydroxychloroquine through trials as a potential therapeutic option for COVID-19, citing methodology and results from crucial clinical trials around the world that speak for it as a therapy or otherwise.
An Overview of Investigational Drugs for the Treatment of Covid-19
Diversity and equality in health and care, 2021
SARS-CoV-2 has been emerged from Wuhan in China and has now shacked out more than 200 Countries and territories all over the world. World’s best scientists are contributing and endeavouring to find drugs, immuno-modulators and vaccines for the treatment of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 virus is a betacoronavirus and positive-stranded RNA virus that originates from the Coronaviridae family. The most important structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 are spike trimeric (S) protein, membrane (M) protein, envelop (E) protein and the nucleocapsid (N) protein. The SARS-CoV-2 begins its life cycle, when the S protein binds with the host cells receptor ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2). The viral protein(M) and genome (Protein-N) RNA eventually get assembled into virions (with Protein-S and HE), Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. According to the various research reports, there aremore than 50 drugs, immunomodulators and vaccines that may be effective against COVID-19. Some drugs had shown the...
Antiviral Drugs and Their Roles in the Treatment of Coronavirus Infection
Antiviral Drugs [Working Title], 2022
Viruses are the major pathogenic agents that cause various diseases. Antiviral drugs are used for the treatment of viral infections. Emergent advances of antiviral drugs are focused on two different approaches: targeting the host cell factors or the viruses themselves. Antiviral drugs that directly target the viruses include virus entry inhibitors, virus attachment inhibitors, uncoating inhibitors, protease inhibitors, polymerase inhibitors, nucleoside inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, and nucleotide reverse transcriptase. The protease inhibitors, viral DNA polymerase, and integrase inhibitors are the most commonly used antiviral drugs. Still, there are no effective antiviral drugs existing for several viral infections. Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) or SARS-CoV-2 is the newest member of the coronavirus family. No specific drugs particularly antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of COVID-19. Thus, it is extremely crucial to identify new drugs for the treatment of...
A comprehensive analysis of possible treatment for COVID-19
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 2020
The first case of 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) was reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China and so far more than 2,53,000 infections and over 10,400 deaths have been reported. This virus could transfer during human-to-human close contacts, with a basic reproductive number as 2.2-2.6. For the outbreak of COVID-19 infection, the necessary requirement for efficient antiviral treatment is a burning issue. Chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine phosphate, cepharanthine, selamectin, mefloquine hydrochloride, niclosamide, losartan, olmesartan, arbidol, moxifloxacin, lopinavir, ritonavir, interferon, favipiravir, remdesivir, darunavir, intravenous antibody, traditional Chinese medicine, etc. have been used or suggested for the treatment of novel coronavirus. This study is an overview of these drugs to treat COVID-19.
Potential Drugs for Treating COVID-19 Infection
International Journal of Infection
The novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) appeared as an emerging respiratory disease in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, and then spread rapidly worldwide, being declared a pandemic on March 11, 2020. Researchers are attempting to discover specifically designed antiviral treatments for COVID-19. Several therapeutic agents such as Interferonα, Lopinavir/Ritonavir, Ribavirin, Chloroquine, Chloroquine phosphate, Hydroxychloroquine, Arbidol, Favipiravir, Remdesivir, Darunavir, Imatinib, Teicoplanin, Azithromycin, COVID-19 convalescent plasma, other potential antiviral drugs, and Chinese herbal agents are now being clinically studied to examine both pharmaceutical efficacy and safety for COVID-19 treatment in several countries. Some favorable results from these studies have been obtained to date. This review article summarizes and reiterates drugs that are potentially efficient against COVID-19.
Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a public health emergency of international concern caused by a novel coronavirus, i.e., Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since it is a new virus, an effective remedy against the virus is yet unknown. SARS-CoV-2 is a member of order nidovirales, family coronaviridae. Previously known treatment strategies against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndromes are being tested for their effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2. Thus, various clinical and observational studies aimed at identifying potential therapies against the disease. In our study, we reviewed various drugs along with their mechanism of action, including anti-virals, anti-bacterials, glucocorticoids, ACE inhibitors, anti retrovirals, antimalarials, monoclonal antibodies, plasma, and many more. Individual drugs are described and evaluated for their potential to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study offers a brief review of the findings of trials conducted so far. Dexamethasone, convalescent plasma therapy, tocilizumab, remdesivir, and combination therapies are found to be beneficial against SARS-CoV-2.
Antiviral Treatment Strategies in COVID-19
International Journal of Current Research and Review
, a novel coronavirus, named SARS-CoV-2, caused an outbreak of respiratory disease named COVID-19. Coronavirus is an RNA virus and possesses a crown-like appearance under an electron magnifying instrument because of the presence of spike glycoproteins on the envelope. The subfamily Orthocoronavirinae of the Coronaviridae family is classified into four genera of CoVs: Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Deltacoronavirus, and Gamma Coronavirus. Moreover, the Betacoronavirus isolates into five sub-genera or lineages. The genomic portrayal has demonstrated that most likely bats and rodents are the quality wellsprings of alpha coronaviruses and beta coronaviruses. Despite what might be expected, avian species appear to speak to the quality wellsprings of Deltacoronavirus and Gamma Coronavirus. The full spectrum ranges from mild, self-limiting respiratory tract illness to severe progressive pneumonia, multiorgan dysfunction, and death. So far, there are no particular therapeutic agents for coronavirus disease 1-4. After the rise of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), screening of affirmed drugs recognized lopinavir, in vitro was found to have inhibitory action against SARS-CoV, the infection that causes SARS in humans 5,6,7. Ritonavir is combined with lopinavir to expand its plasma half-life through the inhibition of cytochrome P450. Lopinavir has action, both in vitro 8 and in an animal model 9 , against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and case reports have recommended that the blend of lopinavirritonavir with ribavirin and interferon alfa came about in virologic clearance and survival 10-12. Ribavirin is a nucleoside analog with a broad-spectrum of antiviral effects. Ribavirin was also found to be less effective against COVID-19. On .
An Updated Review on the Therapeutic Agents for Coronavirus Disease 2019
2020
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged at the end of 2019 in Wuhan, China, and spread rapidly over other regions of the world. The pandemic coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Currently, there is no approved vaccine along with therapeutic agents available for the treatment of COVID-19. This review mainly focused on the most common and local drugs for the treatment of COVID-19. These therapeutic drugs include antiviral agents (Remdesivir, Lopinavir/Ritonavir, Umifenovir, Favipiravir, Oseltamivir), miscellaneous agents and therapies (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEI), Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), Colchicine, Convalescent Plasma therapy (CP therapy), Nitazoxanide), and other agents (Azithromycin, Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid), Corticosteroids and Dexamethasone), and Traditional Chinese Medicines. The material of this review is gathered from different research papers published on t...
An Update on Current Therapeutic Drugs Treating COVID-19
Current Pharmacology Reports
The current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has presented unprecedented challenges to the healthcare systems in almost every country around the world. Currently, there are no proven effective vaccines or therapeutic agents against the virus. Current clinical management includes infection prevention and control measures and supportive care including supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilatory support. Evolving research and clinical data regarding the virologic SARS-CoV-2 suggest a potential list of repurposed drugs with appropriate pharmacological effects and therapeutic efficacies in treating COVID-19 patients. In this review, we will update and summarize the most common and plausible drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. These drugs and therapeutic agents include antiviral agents (remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, lopinavir, umifenovir, favipiravir, and oseltamivir), and supporting agents (Ascorbic acid, Azithromycin, Corticosteroids, Nitric oxide, IL-6 antagonists), among others. We hope that this review will provide useful and most updated therapeutic drugs to prevent, control, and treat COVID-19 patients until the approval of vaccines and specific drugs targeting SARS-CoV-2.
Pharmacologic agents for the management of COVID-19: a review
International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health
Coronavirus, in December 2019, caused a SARS-2 pandemic. Primarily targeting the human respiratory system, the major symptoms of this disease are high grade fever, dry cough, shortness of breath, sore throat, and fatigue while symptoms involving other organ systems such as diarrhea, headache, conjunctivitis, and rash also develops. Like a SARS-CoV-1 outbreak in 2002, SARS-CoV-2 is difficult to treat as minimal data is available regarding its treatment strategies and potential cure of the disease. A thorough literature review was done to identify different potential treatments for SARS-CoV-2 and a perspective of a developing country, Pakistan, on managing and treating this infection was provided. We found that use of off-label drugs including including chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, azithromycin, interferon, ribavirin, lopinavir-ritonavir, increased exponentially to treat COVID-19 patients around the world and studies suggested their efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. Use of ...