Challenges, issues and opportunities for the development of smart grid (original) (raw)

The development smart grids have made the power systems planning and operation more efficient by the application of renewable energy resources, electric vehicles, two-way communication, self-healing, consumer engagement, distribution intelligence, etc. The objective of this paper is to present a detailed comprehensive review of challenges, issues and opportunities for the development of smart grid. Smart grids are transforming the traditional way of meeting the electricity demand and providing the way towards an environmentally friendly, reliable and resilient power grid. This paper presents various challenges of smart grid development including interoperability, network communications, demand response, energy storage and distribution grid management. This paper also reviews various issues associated with the development of smart grid. Local, regional, national and global opportunities for the development of smart grid are also reported in this paper. 1. INTRODUCTION Smart grid (SG) technologies are vital to meet world's vast and growing electricity needs. Smart grids (SGs) are transforming the traditional way of meeting the electricity demand and providing the way towards an environmentally friendly, reliable and resilient power grid. Micro grids operate at the distribution level, and they are natural innovation zones for the Smart Grid (SG) because they have experimentation scalability and flexibility, and delivers power is a local area. SG contains protection against the cyber attacks, interoperability and designed for pricing in real-time [1]. Super grid is a high voltage DC transmission and capacity to minimize losses and enhance reliability. MGs operates as a standalone or as a grid-connected system. Microgrid (MG) technology is not equipped with automation and communication support. Further work is required to enhance self-healing, reconfigurable, adaptive and predictive capability. MG includes special purpose inverters enabling it to link to the legacy grid and contains special purpose filters build to overcome issues with harmonics, while improving power quality and efficiency [2]. Various characteristics of SG include optimizing the asset utilization and efficient operation is presented in [3]. Increased renewable power penetration, electricity markets participation throughout the world will realize new opportunities for the cost-effective smart grids controls and energy storage at all scales. These changes, coupled with increased consumer awareness and participation will lead to a new paradigm in energy system analysis that must also be accounted for energy security, stability and reliability. The SG will incorporates new networking technology, including controls and sensors, from this the electricity can be monitored in real time and can be made automatic changes which will reduce the energy waste [4].