Assessing violence risk in youth (original) (raw)
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Research on Youth Violence Risk/Needs Assessments
Journal of Psychology & Clinical Psychiatry, 2015
Assessments to identify the probable risk that a young person will commit an act of violence in the future has evolved since the 1990's from unaided clinical judgment to clinical risk and needs tools that inform treatment. The measure of validity has become the ROC which measures the correct classification rate of events which occur in low frequency. A new evolving standard of functionality for risk assessment tools is incorporating recommendations for evidence based treatment into the risk instrument. Research is continuing on two instruments by the author, the CARE2 and the AVRRT. The CARE2 measures the risk of future violence and treatment needs of youth with histories of chronic violence and delinquent behavior. The AVRRT measures the relative risk of violence and treatment needs of young people that are severely psychotic or on the Autism spectrum and delusional, paranoid, socially awkward, narcissistic, not in treatment and facing a significant major life stressor. Research on both instruments will be described, as well as comparisons with similar tools will be provided. The CARE2 has had 1 major study by the author in 2007. Research at Salisbury University is in its 2nd year. The results indicate that the CARE2 has good reliability and validity which is comparable other risk assessment tools. Additionally the CARE2 uses items weighted by correlation with future violence, gender and age norms, norms for children below the age of 12, and recommendations for interventions using evidence based and promising practices. The AVRRT has one study by the Author in 2014 establishing a profile for a second distinct groups of violent males.
Violence: An International Journal
Adverse life events during childhood have been associated with increased rates of violence. Despite decades of violent conflict, there continues to be a paucity of contextually relevant data related to youth violence in Northern Ireland. Prospective studies are useful but these require time and resources that are not often available. In the absence of such studies, there remains a need to understand the prevalence and impact of serious youth violence in a cost-effective and timely way. The primary aim of this study is to present a novel method for collecting and analyzing violence-related data using existing administrative data through a retrospective case file review of young people aged 10–18 who spent time in custodial services ( n = 145) over a 1-year period (January 2019 to December 2019) in Northern Ireland. A digital worksheet was developed and following a review, data from each file were extracted. Analyses examined the relationship between potentially traumatic life events ...
Submission to the Youth Violence Commission in the United Kingdom
Consultation Submission, 2020
To prevent and reduce young people’s involvement in violence, as well as the victimisation and demonisation of young people, this submission proposes that a holistic and interdisciplinary, professional public health approach be implemented into youth justice systems on a global scale (Robertson 2017). This multi-agency approach could consider and prioritise the holistic needs of children and young people to avoid further unnecessary, yet in reality, very damaging consequences of criminalisation and stigmatisation (McVie 2011). These therapeutic and more restorative responses to violence in particular, focus primarily on the wellbeing and future prospects of the child or young person, steering them away from traditional methods of punishment, including youth justice centres and juvenile prisons (Young, Greer & Church 2017). Furthermore, this submission will explore such alternatives to criminalisation and through an international comparative lens, will examine and reflect on the integration of a public health approach which has evidenced as being successful in Scotland.
Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth in Clinical Practice
Acta Medica Medianae, 2021
Violence risk assessment in adolescents is an emergent research area with great potential for clinical application. The need for standardization of clinical approaches has led to the development of structured professional judgment tools for violence risk assessment in youth. The aim of the study was to present a structured evaluation of violence risk assessment in clinical work with two male patients aged 12 and 17 with a psychiatric diagnosis of conduct disorder, socialized type and acute psychotic disorder. The Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) was used in the assessment to help estimate the patients' risk for future violence. Based on the systematic analysis and consideration of the SAVRY Historical, Socio-Contextual and Individual risk factors balanced against the Protective factors, both patients were rated as being at high risk for future violence. In order to control and reduce the risk of further violent behaviour, an intervention plan was designed. With the increasing recognition of the public health importance of violence, the violence risk assessment is the subject of considerable clinical and research interest. In this way, we are joining the global trend of opposing the social pathological emergence of violence among youth and violence in general.
Aggressive behavior, 2018
In March 2018, the President of the International Society for Research on Aggression (ISRA), Mike Potegal, appointed a special commission to prepare a report on youth violence. This commission was "charged with the task of producing a public statement on the known risk factors for youth violence, based on the current state of scientific knowledge. If the Commission finds sufficient evidence of harmful effects, then its public statement may include public policy recommendations." What follows is the final report of the Youth Violence Commission, delivered in March 2018.This report was written by a group of ISRA researchers with expertise on youth violence. This report is based on a previous youth violence report (Bushman et al., 2016), but it is shorter in length, more accessible in language, contains additional material, and is more up-to-date.
The Correlates of Youth Violence: Evidence from the Literature
International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies, 2011
This review provides a general presentation of the factors that are linked to youth violence. In general, these risk factors can include any of the following: pregnancy and delivery complications, emotion-related disorders, hyperactivity, concentration problems, restlessness, risk taking, aggressiveness, early initiation into violent behaviour and beliefs, and attitudes supportive to violent behaviour. What can increase our accuracy of prediction for youth violence is an appreciation of the systemic factors that interact with these individual risk factors. These can include factors within the family including: early family conditions related to poverty, abuse, a generally poor relationship between child and parent, and parental criminality. Peers also play a role in rewarding behaviour and attitudes supportive of youth violence. The implications for knowledge with respect to these correlates are highlighted in a review of promising programs that address youth violence.
Violence Risk Appraisal of Male and Female Youth, Adults, and Individuals
Psychological Reports, 2010
Data from youth (n = 1,127), adults (n = 1,595), and individuals (N = 2,722, combined youth and adults) were followed 3 to 12 years in records to develop items to predict abuse, violence, and homicide in these 3 relevant groups for risk appraisal or safety scales. Shao's bootstrapped logistic regression yielded 14 predictors for youth (AUC = .91), 11 for adults (AUC = .99), and 13 for individuals (AUC = .96). Three regression equations were cross-validated with in-bag and outof-bag techniques. Pearson coefficients were computed with intelligence, achievement, adaptive behavior, and perception tests. Test-retest reliability was acceptable. Using case-control quasi-experimental design, this study extends probation-parole decision-making tests to infants and children as young as 3 years, with convergent and divergent validity and reliability with other tests. Sensitivity and specificity were high and minimized over-or under-identification challenges in identifying potentially violent persons in the general population.
Violence Risk Appraisal of Male and Female Youth, Adults, and Individuals 1
Psychological Reports, 2010
Data from youth (n = 1,127), adults (n = 1,595), and individuals (N = 2,722, combined youth and adults) were followed 3 to 12 years in records to develop items to predict abuse, violence, and homicide in these 3 relevant groups for risk appraisal or safety scales. Shao's bootstrapped logistic regression yielded 14 predictors for youth (AUC = .91), 11 for adults (AUC = .99), and 13 for individuals (AUC = .96). Three regression equations were cross-validated with in-bag and out-of-bag techniques. Pearson coefficients were computed with intelligence, achievement, adaptive behavior, and perception tests. Test-retest reliability was acceptable. Using case-control quasi-experimental design, this study extends probation-parole decision-making tests to infants and children as young as 3 years, with convergent and divergent validity and reliability with other tests. Sensitivity and specificity were high and minimized over- or under-identification challenges in identifying potentially violent persons in the general population.
Adolescents at risk for violence
Educational Psychology Review, 1995
Interpersonal violence among youth is a growing problem in many communities and schools across the nation. The causes of violence are multiple and complex. This paper examines the extent and nature of interpersonal violence among youth, as well as the individual and societal factors which contribute to youth violence. Adolescents are disproportionately represented as both victims and perpetrators of fatal and nonfatal assaultive violence. Homicide rates among young men in the United States are vastly greater than those of other Western industrialized nations. Persons ages 12-24 years face the highest risk of nonfatal violent victimization of any segment of our society. Arrest rates for homicide, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault peak among adolescents and young adults. Further, arrest rates for murder and other violent crimes have increased substantially among this age group since the mid-1980s. Effective prevention programs will require combinations of interventions aimed at multiple factors and delivered through many channels.