Pyrolysis of residual palm oil in spent bleaching clay by modified tubular furnace and analysis of the products by GC–MS (original) (raw)
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The bleaching properties of Ukpor Clay (a locally sourced clay) were studied and compared with that of imported bleaching earth for use in the bleaching of Crude Palm Oil. The effect of using the different bleaching earths on Free Fatty Acid and Peroxide value was evaluated. One factor at a time experiment was also used to determine the effect of Bleaching Temperature, Time and Adsorbent-to-Oil ratio and finally response surface methodology was used to study the effect of the three variables on bleaching on Palm Oil and determination of optimal bleaching conditions. It was observed that bleaching of Palm Oil increased the Free Fatty Acid content but reduced the Peroxide. It was also observed that FFA for the bleached palm oil reduces with increase in bleaching temperature, for both the imported bleaching earth and Ukpor clay, with the imported bleaching earth having a lower FFA value, about 1% below that of Ukpor clay, in all cases. The Bleaching efficiency increases with increase in temperature for both imported bleaching earth and Ukpor clay with the bleaching efficiencies of the imported bleaching earth and that of Ukpor clay being approximately equal at temperatures above 120OC. The bleaching efficiency also increases with increase in bleaching time or adsorbent-to-oil ratio for both imported bleaching earth and Ukpor clay. The three variables significantly affect bleaching efficiency at 95% confidence, with a good interaction among the variables. The optimum conditions for bleaching of crude palm oil using Ukpor clay are a temperature of 180OC for a time of 135mins and at an Adsorbent-to-Oil ratio of 0.05, at which it has a bleaching efficiency 80.50%. These results can be used to effectively exploit our locally sourced bleaching earth, especially in view of the contributions in this work and under the observed optimum conditions, for the processing or bleaching of palm oil.
IAEME PUBLICATION, 2013
The basic technique for thephase separation of bio-oil and characterization of the heavy and light oil fractionsusing Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) and Gas chromatography-Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) techniques in order to identify the functional groups present and their compositions were presented. The bio-oil, originally from the pyrolysis of empty fruit bunches, was separated into water soluble (light oil) and water insoluble (heavy oil) components by mixing the bio-oil with water at 2:1 V/V ratio under ambient condition with vigorous stirring using centrifuge for 30mins. The water soluble portion at the top is relatively stable and contains light oily components while the bottom phase is characterized by high viscosity and water insoluble with large molecule oily mixture. FTIR results indicated thatraw bio-oil, heavy oil and light oil fractions consists of a significant number of chemicals ranging from phenol, carboxylic acids, esters, alcohols, ketones etc. The GC-MS results indicated that heavy oil is highly composed of high molecular weight phenol and phenolic components with different groups while the light oil fraction consists of mostly alkenes, acetic acids, sugars and low molecular lignin. The utilization of biomass pyrolytic oil for chemicals would significantly assist in acquiring sustainable and environmental friendly value added chemicals for industrial applications.
Palm Oil Plantation Waste Utilization For Bio-Oil Using Hydrothermal Pyrolysis Process
2019
Bio-oil is the result of pyrolysis in the form of dark liquid containing the main chemical compounds such as aromatic compounds, aliphatic, others organic compounds by using raw materials of plant biomass. Bio-oil of oil palm empty fruit bunches ( EFB) is a product that can become environmentally friendly fuel, and substitute fossil fuel energy in the future. The study aim to analyze carcateristic of the hydrothermal pyrolysis product. The pyrolysis product was analyzed Higt Heating Value (MJ/kg), pH, viscosity, density and analysis of hydrocarbon compounds component by using GCMS analysis. The result of the study show that the value of HHV 36,99 MJ/ 39.13 MJ/kg, the value of pH of bio-oil rather similar with normal pH 4-6, viscosity 4-9 cp. The result of GCMS analysis of bio-oil obtained aromatic compounds, aliphatic and other organic compounds. The hydrocarbon compound found 19 types with the total percentage 15.24 %.
REGENERATION OF SPENT BLEACHING CLAY USED IN EDIBLE OIL REFINING IN SAUDI ARABIA
Regeneration of spent bleaching clay used in edible oil refining in Saudi Arabia was studied using solvent extraction, boil-off method and calcination. The Solvent extraction method entails the removal of the oil using solvents. The effect of the solvent type, solvent to clay ratio (SCR), and extraction time on the percent of oil extracted (POE) and clay activity was investigated. The boil-off method entails the removal of oil by treatment with a boiling aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide under total reflux in the presence of NaCl. The effects of NaOH and NaCl concentrations, water to clay ratio (WCR) and time of reaction on POE and clay activity was investigated. Calcination entails the removal of the oil by heating at high temperatures. The effect of calcination temperature and time was investigated. The spent clay regenerated using either of these methods at optimum conditions was further activated by treatment with HCl or H 2 SO 4. The effect of acid concentration and reaction time on clay activity was investigated. It was found that calcination without acid treatment is sufficient to restore most of the clay activity. Boil-off method produces a clay with very low activity and further acid treatment enabled complete restoration of the activity of the clay. MEK was found to be the best solvent with respect to the activity of the deoiled clay. Further treatment of the clay deoiled using MEK with acids restored the activity of the clay.
Regeneration and characterization of Spent Bleaching Clay
2006
The spent bleaching clay (SBC), a solid waste generated from palm oil refinery, may be recycled rather than simply disposed off in landfill. The aim of this study is to investigate the heat regeneration of SBC and to evaluate the performance of the heat-treated SBC on the bleaching of crude oil. The quality of oil is first studied. The quality of the oil extracted from spent bleaching clay from palm oil refinery (SBC-PO) and spent bleaching clay from palm kernel oil refinery (SBC-PKO) much inferior compared to that of crude oil. De-oiling efficiency for both SBC increases as the solid to solvent ratio is decreased. Two type of SBC are studied such as acid-activated clay (XMP, WAC) and natural clay (AH). Two types of regeneration processes are performed, such as (a) solvent extraction followed by heat treatment and (b) regeneration carried out by direct heat treatment. Heat treatment is conducted in a box furnace at temperatures ranging from 400 to 1000°C. Red color indices of oils a...
Study of the Antioxidant Power of the Waste Oil from Palm Oil Bleaching Clay
2020
Palm oil is one of the most consumed oils, one of whose refining steps is the removal of pigments and other substances using bleaching clay as adsorbent. Worldwide production of this oil was 70 million tons in 2017, requiring 1 t of clay to produce 1000 t of refined oil. The residual bleaching clay, having an oil fraction (12.70%) rich in phenolics, carotenoids and tocopherols, was extracted in this study with ethanol to obtain an antioxidant-rich palm oil bleaching extract (POBE), with the aim of using it as a natural antioxidant source. The POBE antioxidant capacity determined by the DPPH method corresponded to a 20.29% inhibition of radical formation. The POBE was also tested for its potential to enhance oxidative stability of passion fruit, pracaxi and Brazil nut oils used as reference oils, and compared to common synthetic antioxidants (tert-butylhydroquinone and propyl gallate), either separately as controls or in mixtures with them. Besides the increased oxidative stability o...
Continental J. Applied Sciences - Muhammad et al. - 16 (1): 33 - 44, 2021
Locally available clay samples collected from Niger State were modified using H2SO4 for the purpose of replacing imported clay used for bleaching palm oil and the bleaching performance of the modified local clays on palm oil evaluated. Four different samples of locally available clay and crude palm oil were bleached after it has been degummed and neutralized. The absorbance of crude and bleached palm oil samples was measured and the free fatty acid content determined as a measure of the bleaching performance of the modified clays. UV spectrometer and classical method respectively. The results obtained showed that as the molar concentration of the acid solution was increased, the performance of the modified clays also increased, with different samples showing different optimal bleaching performance for the clay samples. The results obtained also showed that the locally available clay could be a good alternative for the currently imported clays used for bleaching during processing of palm oil.