Utilization of BA (boiler ash) as catalyst for transesterification of palm olein (original) (raw)
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IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2019
A single-step method was developed for methyl ester production from palm oil using tin-empty palm bunch ash impregnated zeolite (Sn-PBA-Zeolite) as heterogeneous catalyst. The weight ratios between Sn solution and zeolite 1:4, while the weight of the PBA was varied from 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 g in 60 mL of distilled water. Effects of reaction time, molar ratio of reactants, and catalyst concentration on the yield of methyl ester were studied. Characteristics of methyl ester produced were also investigated. The optimal conditions for transesterification reaction carried out by using a Sn-PBA-Zeolite of 1:4:25 weight ratio were a palm oil/methanol molar ratio 1:6, catalyst concentration (3% wt/wt), and 3 hours reaction time, whereas the maximum yield of methyl ester reached 76.21% wt/wt. The optimal conditions for esterification reaction carried out by using a Sn-PBA-Zeolite of 1:4:5 weight ratio were a palm oil/methanol molar ratio 1:12, catalyst concentration (3% wt/wt), and 3 ho...
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In this work, the performance of three heterogeneous catalysts, namely potassium hydroxide/γ-alumina, bulk calcium oxide, and nano-calcium oxide, in comparison with the homogeneous potassium hydroxide was studied in the transesterification of palm oil to produce methyl esters and glycerol. The physical and chemical properties of the heterogeneous catalysts were thoroughly characterised and determined using a number of analytical methods to assess their catalytic activities prior to transesterification. The reaction products were analysed using liquid chromatography and their properties were quantified based on the American Society of Testing and Materials and United State Pharmacopoeia standard methods. At the 65°C reaction temperature, the oil-to-methanol mole ratio of 1: 15, 2.5 h of the reaction time, and catalyst (φ r = 1: 40), potassium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide/γ-alumina, nano-calcium oxide, and bulk calcium oxide gave methyl ester yields of 97 %, 96 %, 94 %, and 90 %, re...
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