Normal human epidermal keratinocytes react differently than HaCaT keratinocyte cell line on exposure to Propionibacterium acnes (original) (raw)
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British Journal of Dermatology, 2004
Background Keratinocytes form the first line of defence in the skin and alert the host to danger by the production of a number of cytokines and chemokines. However, the interaction of commensal microorganisms with keratinocytes has not been well studied. Objectives To investigate the effect of viable and nonviable cells of Propionibacterium acnes in both exponential and stationary growth phases, and of P. acnes GroEL on cytokine production by human primary keratinocytes. Methods Actively proliferating or contact-inhibited keratinocytes were cocultured with viable or formaldehyde-killed P. acnes cells in either the exponential or stationary phase of growth. Culture supernatants were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1a, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-a and granulocyte ⁄ macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Keratinocytes were also stimulated with different concentrations of P. acnes GroEL and supernatants assayed for cytokines. Results Viable P. acnes in the stationary phase of growth stimulated keratinocyte monolayers to produce significantly higher amounts of IL-1a, TNF-a and GM-CSF than unstimulated keratinocytes. Viable exponential-phase bacteria stimulated production of significantly higher amounts of TNF-a and GM-CSF but these levels were significantly lower than those for stimulation with stationary-phase bacteria. Nonviable P. acnes from either growth phase was not able to stimulate cytokine production. P. acnes GroEL at concentrations in the range 0AE05-1AE0 lg mL)1 was able to induce increased production of cytokines by keratinocytes in a dose-dependent manner. This was analogous to stimulation with Escherichia coli GroEL. Conclusions Stimulation of cytokine production by P. acnes and P. acnes GroEL may be important in the pathogenesis of inflammatory acne vulgaris and may have wider implications for the immunomodulation of the human immune system by commensal skin microorganisms.
British Journal of Dermatology, 2005
The inflammation in acne vulgaris is widely thought to be induced by an immunological reaction, but the role of Propionibacterium acnes is unclear. To examine the local host response mechanism of a keratinocyte cell line 3 h and 6 h after stimulation with viable and heat-killed P. acnes. The quantitative expression of cytokines was measured at the mRNA level by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The coincubation of a keratinocyte cell line with viable, but not heat-killed, P. acnes modulated an adequate cytokine response for interleukin (IL)-1beta, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and IL-8. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the in vivo porphyrin pattern secreted by P. acnes revealed a predominance of coproporphyrin III in acne lesions. This same porphyrin fraction also modestly induced IL-8 expression by keratinocytes. This cytokine pattern may favour a chemotactic response and implicates P. acnes and coproporphyrin III in the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the site of infection and in the development of acne lesions.
TURKISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, 2017
Introduction Healthy skin consists of a great diversity of commensal microorganisms (1,2). Different parts of the skin have a different number and diversity of microorganisms. This difference depends on factors such as temperature, UV light (3,4), dryness, skin moisture content, skin fat content (2,3), acidity (2), skin structure (2,4), and the reciprocal reaction of microorganisms (4). Due to dryness and acidity, the epidermis is not suitable for bacterial survival (2,5); however, gram-positive bacteria can better adapt to living in these conditions compared to gram-negative bacteria. Streptococcus (2), Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Corynebacterium, Propionibacterium (4,5), Acinetobacter (4), and Brevibacterium (5) are examples of epidermal bacteria. As a lipophilic yeast found on the surface of the skin, Malassezia plays a significant role in the body (4,5). Acne vulgaris or youth acne is a prevalent, chronic, inflammatory disease of the sebaceous follicles (6-8) observed in 80% of teenagers (9-11). Propionibacterium acnes has been proposed as a bacterium involved in the pathogenesis of acne for a century (12,13). Since the majority of patients with acne have oily skin, a relationship appears to exist between the intensity of acne and the rate of sebum production (8,10,12). Clogged sebaceous pores, increased sebum production, P. acnes, and inflammation are potential factors involved in the formation of acne (11,14). The skin is the largest habitat of P. acnes (13,15,16), but the bacterium can be isolated from the conjunctiva (16-18), heart, stomach (19), intestines (16,17), respiratory system, urinary system (18), oral cavity, and outer ear (15,16). P. acnes is a polymorphic (9,17,20), gram-positive, facultative anaerobic, sporeless (18,20), nonmotile (13,19), and slow-growing (16,19) bacillus that grows best under limited oxygen concentrations (0%-20%) and has a reduced growth rate with high oxygen concentrations (19,21). These bacilli produce propionic acid (12,17) and acetic acid (19) from fermented carbohydrates. P. acnes is an organism with low pathogenesis; however, it may contribute to opportunistic infections (15,17,18) and damage the host by the secretion of extracellular enzymes such as lipase, protease, hyaluronidase (3,21), and phosphatase acid (21). Background/aim: One of the factors that affect the occurrence of acne is the presence of Propionibacterium acnes. The present study was conducted to compare the culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods for identifying P. acnes in lesions isolated from patients with acne. Materials and methods: To examine the presence of P. acnes, 70 samples of acne lesions were collected. Microbial culture and the PCR molecular technique were used to identify P. acnes. Results: Of the total of 70 samples, 14 cases (20%) were identified as P. acnes positive using microbial culture and 58 cases (82.85%) using PCR. The results obtained showed the lack of a relationship between the frequency of P. acnes and factors such as sex, family history of acne, and history of treatment with either of the techniques examined (i.e. the microbial culture and PCR). In contrast, a significant relationship was observed between the frequency of P. acnes and age with the culture method. Conclusion: Given the limitations in the identification of P. acnes using microbial culture, PCR is proposed as a better method with a higher efficiency.
The human skin encompasses a vast variety of microorganisms which construct the structure of skin microflora. Bacteria and yeasts may be the pioneers of the human skin normal flora. The anatomical situations and physicochemical conditions determine the demography of the microbial populations. Among different types of microbial populations, Propionibacterium acnes is the predominant member in the skin areas of back, face and chest. Although this bacterium is part of the normal flora, Propionibacterium acnes contributes to the disease of acne vulgaris. By the progression of scientific disciplines such as Microbiology, Genetics, and Molecular Biology, it is going to be clear that some strains of Propionibacterium acnes are useful and good bacteria and some strains are harmful and bad bacteria. Therefore, in this review, the authors have a look on different characteristics of P.acnes and the related skin disease of acne vulgaris.
Mini-review Sampling and detection of skin Propionibacterium acnes: Current status
A connection between acne vulgaris and Propionibacterium acnes has long been suggested. Over the years, several human skin microbiota sampling methods have been evolved and applied, e.g. swab, scrape, extraction techniques including cyanoacrylate gel sampling as well as punch biopsy. Collected samples have been processed following various methodologies ranging from culture studies to probe labelling and molecular analysis. Direct visualization techniques have recently shown the existence of anatomically distinct skin P. acnes populations: epidermal and follicular. P. acnes biofilms appear to be a common phenomenon. Current sampling approaches target different skin populations of P. acnes and the presence of microbial biofilms can influence the retrieval of P. acnes. The anatomical considerations must be taken into account while interpreting microbiological data.
British Journal of Dermatology, 2007
Background Propionibacterium acnes has been strongly implicated in inflammatory acne. However, its role in the disease is unclear. It has been hypothesized that an immune response to P. acnes and/or P. acnes heat shock proteins (HSPs) may play a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory acne. Objectives To compare the cell-mediated immune response to P. acnes and HSPs in acne patients, nonacne controls and individuals with resolved acne. Methods The proliferative response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from acne patients, resolved acne donors and healthy controls to P. acnes, P. acnes HSP60 and HSP70, and mycobacterial HSPs was assessed by lymphocyte transformation assay (LTA). The proliferative response of purified CD4+ T cells was further analysed by limiting dilution analysis (LDA). Contingency tables (G-test) were used to analyse the proportion of individuals in each group showing a positive proliferative response for LTA or data fitting single-hit kinetics for LDA. Results Analysis of stimulation of PBMC with P. acnes, P. acnes HSP60 and HSP70 in the LTA showed the proportion of positive responders to be independent of subject group. However, the proportion of acne patients with a positive response to mycobacterial HSPs was significantly higher than those for the other subject groups. Analysis of LDA data showed the proportion of resolved donors with responses to P. acnes fitting the single-hit kinetics model to be significantly lower than those of the other groups. There were no significant differences in responses to other antigens. Conclusions The significantly lower proportion of resolved donors demonstrating a single-hit kinetics response to P. acnes by LDA may represent negative regulation of the CD4+ T-cell response to P. acnes in these subjects.
Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica, 2009
Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris which is the most common cutaneous disorder. It has a proinflammatory activity and takes part in immune reactions modulating the Th1/Th2 cellular response. The exposure of dendritic cells (DCs) to whole bacteria, their components, cytokines or other inflammatory stimuli and infectious agents induces differentiation from immature DCs into antigen-presenting mature DCs. The aim of the study was to evaluate the capability of P. acnes to induce the maturation of DCs. We stimulated monocyte derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs) from acne patients with various concetrations of heat-killed P. acnes (10 6-10 8 bacteria/ml) cultured from acne lesions. The results showed an increase in CD80+/CD86+/DR+ and CD83+/CD1a+/DR+ cells percentage depending on the concetration of P. acnes. The expression of CD83 and CD80 (shown as the mean fluorescence intensity-MFI) increased with higher concetrations of P. acnes. There were also significant correlations between MFI of CD83, CD80, CD86 and concetration of P. acnes. The study showed that P. acnes in the concetration of 10 8 bacteria/ml is most effective in the induction of Mo-DCs maturation. Futher studies concerning the influence on the function of T cells are needed.
The Journal of investigative dermatology, 2016
Propionibacterium acnes is a skin commensal bacterium that contributes to the development of acne vulgaris and other infections. Recent work revealed that P. acnes clinical isolates can be classified into distinct phylotypes, several of which have associations with healthy skin or acne. We sought to determine if these phylotypes induce different immunological responses and express protein factors that may contribute to their disease associations. We found that acne-associated P. acnes phylotypes induced 2-3 fold higher levels of IFN-γ and IL-17 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells compared to healthy phylotypes. On the other hand, P. acnes phylotypes associated with healthy skin induced 2-4 fold higher levels of IL-10. Comparative proteomic analysis of P. acnes phylotypes revealed a differential expression of several proteins, including an adhesion protein that was expressed at least 10-fold higher in acne-associated phylotypes and a cell surface hydrolase expressed in all phylotyp...
Production of Superoxide Anions by Keratinocytes Initiates P. acnes-Induced Inflammation of the Skin
PLoS Pathogens, 2009
Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the sebaceous follicles. Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), a grampositive anareobic bacterium, plays a critical role in the development of these inflammatory lesions. This study aimed at determining whether reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by keratinocytes upon P. acnes infection, dissecting the mechanism of this production, and investigating how this phenomenon integrates in the general inflammatory response induced by P. acnes. In our hands, ROS, and especially superoxide anions (O 2 N2), were rapidly produced by keratinocytes upon stimulation by P. acnes surface proteins. In P. acnes-stimulated keratinocytes, O 2 N2 was produced by NAD(P)H oxidase through activation of the scavenger receptor CD36. O 2 N2 was dismuted by superoxide dismutase to form hydrogen peroxide which was further detoxified into water by the GSH/GPx system. In addition, P. acnes-induced O 2 N2 abrogated P. acnes growth and was involved in keratinocyte lysis through the combination of O 2 N2 with nitric oxide to form peroxynitrites. Finally, retinoic acid derivates, the most efficient anti-acneic drugs, prevent O 2 N2 production, IL-8 release and keratinocyte apoptosis, suggesting the relevance of this pathway in humans.
acnes Propionibacterium Defense against Macrophages Mediate Host + CD209
2000
Propionibacterium acnes is a major etiological factor of acne, triggering an inflammatory response in part through the activation of TLR2. In this study, we demonstrate that activation of peripheral blood monocytes with P. acnes in vitro induced their differentiation into two distinct innate immune cell subsets, CD209 ؉ macrophages and CD1b ؉ dendritic cells. Furthermore, P. acnes induced expression of mRNA for the cytokines IL-15 and GM-CSF, which differentiate CD209 ؉ and CD1b ؉ cells, respectively. The CD209 ؉ cells were more effective in uptake of P. acnes, compared with the CD1b ؉ cells, and demonstrated a 2-fold greater antimicrobial activity against the phagocytosed bacteria. Although CD1b ؉ cells secreted inflammatory cytokines in response to both P. acnes and a TLR2 ligand control, the CD209 ؉ cells responded only to P. acnes. The addition of all-trans retinoic acid, a commonly used agent for the treatment of acne, directly induced differentiation of monocytes into CD209 ؉ macrophages and enhanced the P. acnes-mediated differentiation of the CD209 ؉ subset. Therefore, the differentiation of monocytes into CD209 ؉ macrophages and CD1b ؉ dendritic cells distinctly mediate the innate immune response to P. acnes.