A Multidisciplinary Study of Eye Tracking Technology for Visual Intelligence (original) (raw)
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The Use of Eye Tracking as a Research and Instructional Tool in Multimedia Learning
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The present chapter summarizes the state of the art of using eye tracking in research on multimedia learning. It first provides an overview the various eye tracking parameters that have been used in this field before describing its various functions as a research tool. As a research tool eye tracking serves to test and refine assumptions regarding the process of learning with multimedia, explain the origin of individual differences in learning outcomes, gives insight into the effects of instructional interventions at a process level, and enriches other forms of assessment. In addition, more recently eye tracking has also been used to develop materials aimed at supporting multimedia learning. Thus, it also serves as an instructional tool when it used to design adaptive instruction or to model cognitive processes relevant to multimedia learning. The chapter concludes with a description of some of the challenges in using eye tracking in multimedia research.
The use of eye movements in the study of multimedia learning
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This commentary focuses on the use of the eye-tracking methodology to study cognitive processes during multimedia learning. First, some general remarks are made about how the method is applied to investigate visual information processing, followed by a reflection on the eye movement measures employed in the studies published in this special issue. It is argued that global eye movement measures indexing attentional and encoding processes during the entire learning period should preferably be complemented with more fine-grained analyses that are either time-locked to important events taking place in an animation or that by other means provide information about the time course of learning. As nicely documented in the present set of studies, it is also of importance to complement the eye-tracking data with offline measures indexing the end product of learning. Such a complementary approach is likely to yield important new insights into the process of multimedia learning.
A review of using eye-tracking technology in exploring learning from 2000 to 2012
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This study aims to disclose how eye-tracking technology has been applied to studies of learning, and what eye movement measures have been used for investigations by reviewing studies that have employed the eye-tracking approach. A total of 81 papers including 113 studies were selected from the Social Sciences Citation Index database from 2000 to 2012. Content analysis showed that eye movements and learning were studied under the following seven themes: patterns of information processing, effects of instructional design, reexamination of existing theories, individual differences, effects of learning strategies, patterns of decision making, and conceptual development. As for eye-tracking measurements, the most often used indices were temporal measures, followed by count and spatial measures, although the choice of measures was often motivated by the specific research question. Research development trends show that the use of the eye-tracking method has proliferated recently. This study concludes that the eye-tracking method provides a promising channel for educational researchers to connect learning outcomes to cognitive processes.
Art Education and Expertise An Eye Tracking Study
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The impact of education and expertise in art on the process of examining a work of art has been studied in the present study via eye tracking method. The main purpose of the study was to compare a group of experts and non-experts in art with regard to eye tracking measurements, artwork analyses and recall performance. In this research, expert and non-expert groups were compared in terms of eye tracking measurements, heat maps, artwork analysis and the recall performances. Heat maps were demonstrated that experts viewed Early Renaissance and Fauvism movements, artworks more while non-experts viewed Fauvist artworks more in comparison with AOIs. However, it was indicated that there is no statistically significant difference between the expert and non-expert groups for each artwork about eye metrics and recall performance during art-work analysis. On the other hand, artwork analysis grades of the experts were deter-mined to be higher at a statistically significant level in comparison w...
Using Eye Tracking for Research on Learning and Computational Thinking
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This paper presents a conceptual discussion of the theoretical constructs and perspectives in relation to using eye tracking as an assessment and research tool of computational thinking. It also provides a historical review of major mechanisms underlying the current eye-tracking technologies, and a technical evaluation of the setup , the data capture and visualization interface, the data mining mechanisms, and the functionality of freeware eye trackers of different genres. During the technical evaluation of current eye trackers, we focus on gauging the versatility and accuracy of each tool in capturing the targeted cognitive measures in diverse task and environmental settings-static versus dynamic stimuli, in-person or remote data collection, and individualistic or collaborative learning space. Both theoretical frameworks and empirical review studies on the implementation of eye-tracking suggests that eye-tracking is a solid tool or approach for studying computational thinking. However, due to the current constraints of eye-tracking technologies, eye-tracking is limited in acting as an accessible and versatile tool for tracking diverse learners' naturalistic interactions with dynamic stimuli in an open-ended, complex learning environment.
Evaluation of Multimedia Educational Materials Using Eye Tracking
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2015
In the last two decades there has been a significant technological development in all areas of society. This technological advance has been transferred to the educational area and now the use of multimedia materials and resources in the teaching and learning process is widespread. The main objective of the study presented in this article is to show the use of an innovative educational materials evaluation tool: the eye tracking technique. The use of this technique makes it possible to evaluate aspects of the format in which such materials are designed as well as aspects related to its usability. An appropriate design of multimedia materials may favour the acquisition of knowledge by pupils. Two experiments involving an eye tracking device in the data collection process were carried out in order to show the application of this evaluation technique. Two homogeneous groups were shown a presentation in which the format varies slightly. The presentations in the first experiment included images and texts as well as color combinations with different contrasts. In the second experiment, a presentation with information in black and white was compared with another in which colors are used. Once analyzed the data it is concluded that a more efficient learning occurs when information is shown using warm colors instead of pastel shades and when color is used to highlight some areas of interest in which we want the pupils to focus their attention.
Eye-tracking in Cultural Studies
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Eye-tracking is a technology based on tracking the movement of eyeballs. The results of the study allow a detailed analysis of the path of sight, and provide answers to the questions: what are we looking at, what we focus on and what we ignore despite that the objects are located in our field of view. The eye movement tracking is not a new technology, but it is constantly improved and is gaining importance in many fields of science and consumer market research. Contemporary culture, oriented to image absorption, is a perfect surface for non-standard eye-tracking research.
Eye Tracking Methods for Improving Engineering Graphics Instruction
2005
Abstract The tracking of eye movements is a powerful tool used to understand the process of visual search. Recording and analyzing eye movements allow researchers to better understand how individuals make use of visual information. While eye movement research has been conducted for over 70 years, recent technological breakthroughs have made this equipment accessible to a wider range of researchers. Eye movements can be tracked across paper-based materials, computer screens, or any plane defined in 3-D space.
Eye Movements during Art Appreciation by Students Taking a Photo Creation Course
Frontiers in Psychology, 2016
Previous studies have focused on the differences in the art appreciation process between individuals, and indicated that novice viewers of artworks, in comparison to experts, rarely consider the creation process of the artwork or how this may relate to style. However, behavioral changes in individuals after educational interventions have not been examined. Art education researchers claim that technical knowledge and creation experiences help novice viewers to pay attention to technical features of artwork. Therefore, an artistic photo creation course was designed and conducted to help students acquire techniques and procedural knowledge of photo creation. The present study verified whether students' viewing strategies during appreciation of photographs changed after the course. Twenty-one students participated in two sessions, viewing the same 12 photographs before and after the course. Based on the analysis of recorded eye movements, the results indicated that the students' perceptual exploration became more active with photographs containing recognizable subjects (i.e., humans and objects), and their global saccades increased when they viewed classic photography, one of the categories of photography covered in the course. Interview data after the course indicated that students became aware of the technical effects in photographs. These results suggest that students' viewing strategies may change following a course, as assessed by behavioral measures of eye movements. Further examination is needed to validate this approach to educational effect measurement.
An Exploratory Study to Understand the Phenomena of Eye-Tracking Technology
Technology-Enhanced Formative Assessment Practices in Higher Education, 2020
Technology has played a pivotal role in revolutionizing the formative aspects of learning and teaching in the current digital age. Due to technology, there is an expectation of having customized medicine, customized interaction, and customized formative communication instead of traditional mass reporting approaches. Formative assessment within higher education teaching and learning environments are no exception to such an approach in the 21st century digital environment. Eye-tracking technology in recent years has provided an insight to understand the human eye movements and concentration patterns, which has application in education. Eye-tracking can be used to examine the processes of individuals in their learning to establish how learning contents are delivered and perceived by all involved (e.g., teaching staff, students, and markers). This chapter proposes that critical and specific information from eye-tracking software can lead to tailored educational content to accommodate, c...