The 2020's world deadliest pandemic: Corona Virus (COVID-19) and International Medical Law (IML (original) (raw)

The problems of International Health Regulations (IHR) in the process of responding to COVID-19 and improvement measures to improve its effectiveness

Journal of Global Health Science, 2021

The International Health Regulations (IHR) Review Committee analyzed the occurrence and response process of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and reviewed the measures to be improved in the IHR regulations in 3 main aspects. The World Health Assembly (WHA) recognized IHR (2005) as currently legally binding international law in pandemic, proposed the establishment of an intergovernmental negotiating body, and decided to continue working to finally coordinate the revision of IHR (2005). The world must now establish a system that allows mankind to cope with infectious diseases through one unified IHR international law, and jointly respond to global crises faced by mankind such as biodiversity and climate change and sustainable development. Economic, information, and technological inequality triggered by COVID-19 calls for wise measures to resolve racial discrimination between regions. Now, joint efforts should be made to narrow the gap in rational inequality by accurately distinguishing and integrating the responsibilities between international organizations such as the United Nations (UN) and the World Health Organization (WHO).

The View of International Law on The Pandemic Covid-19

Proceedings from the 1st International Conference on Law and Human Rights, ICLHR 2021, 14-15 April 2021, Jakarta, Indonesia, 2021

The views of world countries on the handling of the Covid-19 Pandemic give the impression of solving the global health crisis. Whereas international law is a special mechanism in handling pandemics through the operationalization of International Health Regulations which are coordinated globally by the WHO international organization. The aim is to examine the implications of force on international law. The main approach to legal research method is to apply a total lockdown or physical distancing in accordance with the health protocol established by WHO. By elaborating, international law contains obligations, authorities, procedures, and roles and challenges faced in handling a global pandemic. Finding the fact that, IHR 2005 works on international law, but a 'one size fits all' instrument that can solve all the problems of handling the positive sum global health crisis to interdependence, institutionalism, multilateralism, and a zero-sum game democratic system where the state is strengthening.

A Look at COVID-19 Global Health Situation, 1-Year Post Declaration of the Pandemic

Microbiology Insight, 2022

The new coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was declared a pandemic on 11 March 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO). The impacts of COVID-19 have changed over the past year globally. There were 116 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 in more than 220 countries, including 2.5 million deaths, as reported at the end of the first week of March 2021. Throughout this time, different variants of SARS-CoV-2 have emerged. In early March, the United States of America (USA) led in both confirmed cases and casualties, while India followed in the number of confirmed cases and Brazil in the number of deaths. Vaccines are available in the USA and worldwide to help combat COVID-19. The level of preparedness among multisectoral communities played a role in transmission rates; therefore, lessons learned from past outbreaks, alongside this pandemic, are crucial in establishing policies and regulations to reduce and/or prevent the spread. This narrative literature review provides an update on the global spread of the COVID-19 outbreak, and the current impact of the pandemic 1-year after the declaration, preparedness, and mitigation efforts since the outbreak.

How an outbreak became a pandemic: a chronological analysis of crucial junctures and international obligations in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic

The Lancet, 2021

Understanding the spread of SARS-CoV-2, how and when evidence emerged, and the timing of local, national, regional, and global responses is essential to establish how an outbreak became a pandemic and to prepare for future health threats. With that aim, the Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response has developed a chronology of events, actions, and recommendations, from December, 2019, when the first cases of COVID-19 were identified in China, to the end of March, 2020, by which time the outbreak had spread extensively worldwide and had been characterised as a pandemic. Datapoints are based on two literature reviews, WHO documents and correspondence, submissions to the Panel, and an expert verification process. The retrospective analysis of the chronology shows a dedicated initial response by WHO and some national governments, but also aspects of the response that could have been quicker, including outbreak notifications under the International Health Regulations (IHR), presumption and confirmation of human-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2, declaration of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, and, most importantly, the public health response of many national governments. The chronology also shows that some countries, largely those with previous experience with similar outbreaks, reacted quickly, even ahead of WHO alerts, and were more successful in initially containing the virus. Mapping actions against IHR obligations, the chronology shows where efficiency and accountability could be improved at local, national, and international levels to more quickly alert and contain health threats in the future. In particular, these improvements include necessary reforms to international law and governance for pandemic preparedness and response, including the IHR and a potential framework convention on pandemic preparedness and response.

International View at Health: World after Pandemic COVID-19

Melnyk, Yu. B. (2020). International View at Health: World after Pandemic COVID-19. International Journal of Science Annals, 3(2), 24–32. https://doi.org/10.26697/ijsa.2020.2.4, 2020

Background and Aim of Study: Nowadays the whole human race is undergoing a crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, whose duration and consequences are difficult to forecast. In the face of the real danger we begin redefining conceptual bases of mankind, as well as the role of the state as a guarantor of the health safety of its citizens and the world community. The aim of the study: to explore the influence of different approaches to solving the pandemic problem in Ukraine, Singapore, and China on the indicators of COVID-19 dynamics. Material and Methods: A complex of methods was used: theoretical – factor-criterion analysis, abstraction, comparison, synthesis, systematisation, generalisation; empirical – observational methods (systematic observation); methods of mathematical analysis. Results: The study of the indicators dynamics showed that different approaches to solving the pandemic problem in Ukraine and Singapore had significant differences. Compared to Singapore in Ukraine for 4 months in 2020, the number of COVID-19 cases is 22.5 times higher, the number of recovered is only 6.5 times higher, and the number of deaths is multiple times higher: 2908.5 times. The connection between the dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic (cases, recovered, deaths) in Ukraine, Singapore, China and the measures taken by the governments of these countries, as well as the personal responsibility of the population, was determined in the study. Conclusions: The infection which appeared in one country can transform into a global world problem in a matter of seconds. Responsible policy and practice instead of manipulation and bureaucracy are able to protect people of the risk group and create favourable conditions for life activity of those who do not belong to this group. Important factors in successfully overcoming the pandemic is the personal responsibility of citizens and health culture of the population.

COVID-19 pandemic

International journal of health sciences

Humanity has been on its way accompanied by epidemics, as man has evolved, he has faced different problems that have affected most of society. In the last 50 years, more viruses have appeared that have affected different regions and multiple countries; but one of the most distributed worldwide is COVID-19. The objective is to offer some information related to this pandemic and its evolution in different countries. The bibliographic review method was used even though some bibliographies are very recent, but it has allowed us to know their behavior and follow-up. The results of the countries most affected by this pandemic are shown, where it could be said that Italy has increasingly affected all of them and some countries in Asia, the United States, Latin America, and the Caribbean have been the most affected.

The Pandemic of 21st Century - COVID-19

Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences

BACKGROUND The global pandemic of novel coronavirus disease is mainly caused by the infection of Coronavirus 'SARS-CoV-2'. It is infecting persons of all ethnicity, race and community. Corona viruses are enveloped RNA viruses which range from 60 to 140 nm in diameter with spike like projections on their top. Coronavirus is affecting 199 countries, territories and international transport systems. Covid-19 is a recent pandemic, which started in Wuhan, China, at the end of 2019 and now it is affecting the whole world. WHO declared this outbreak as a pandemic on March 11, 2020. COVID-19 infection is transmitted by inhalation or contact with infected droplets or aerosols of infected persons, and the incubation period ranges from 5 to 14 days. Viral aerosols remain active for 3 hours in the air, 24 hours on cardboards, and 2 to 3 days on stainless steel and plastic. Symptoms are usually fever, cough, breathlessness, sore throat, malaise and fatigue. In some people, it may progress to pneumonia, multiple organ dysfunction, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. People with heart diseases, lung diseases, cancer, old age, diabetics, Immunosuppressed, and pregnant women are at higher risk for COVID-19 infection. To date, there are now more than 2,732,701 cases of COVID 19 globally with more than 191,150 deaths. In India, total cases are 23,502 with 722 deaths. First case of coronavirus was seen on 29 January 2020. On 24 March 2020, the government of India under Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi ordered a nationwide lockdown for 21 days, after a 14-hour voluntary public curfew on 22 nd March. India is one of the most populous countries of the world. India has the second largest population in the world. Due to the lack of vaccines, ventilators, targeted therapies, mass gatherings, the Indian government started lockdown, the largest exercise in the world with the second largest population. To reduce public movement, section 144 was implemented in many states. A full lockdown will help the collapse of the whole national health system.

A WHO pandemic instrument: substantive provisions required to address global shortcomings

The Lancet

Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre-including this research content-immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

Coronavirus Worldwide Proliferation: Mortalities During the First and Second Wave of Corona

MARCH, 2022

The coronavirus has jeopardized the life of human creatures worldwide. Its vulnerability has instigated health and financial debacle consequentially has agitated international relations. Many medicinal and health care challenges have been suffered by several states that not only deteriorated standards of health but quivered the stability of highest attainable standards of health. The study elucidates causes of these challenges and their emancipation in the light of the implementation of Human Rights. The article also scrutinizes whether China is responsible for spread of Coronavirus under International Law or if International Law has the power to impose liability on China for the spread of the pandemic. For that purpose, this piece reads the relevant provision of International Law. The article quantitatively explores research articles, various reports, and case laws. This quantitative research contributes that whenever the international law protocols will be violated aftermath of it...