Determinants of Infant Mortality in India (original) (raw)
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Socioeconomic Determinants of Infant Mortality Rate in India
The Journal of Public Health Photon
The purpose of this paper is to explore several socioeconomic factors associated with infant mortality rate in major states of India. Using quantitative secondary data collected from various databases and regression & principal components analysis as statistical methods study show that women empowering indicators like percent female engaged in salaried work and female literacy rate have negative relationship but female work participation rate and percent female cultivators have positive association with infant mortality rate in India. Demographic variables like mean age of marriage, mean age of cohabitation, age at first birth have statistical significant and negative association, while percent marriage below age eighteen and decadal population growth rate have statistical significant and positive association with infant mortality rate. Increase in urbanization, per capita income, monthly per capita consumption expenditure and household facilities like electrification, sanitation and telephone accessibility have statistical significant and declining impact on IMRs in India. It suggest that decline in IMR is associated with reduction in population growth rate, strict enforcement of marry act that allow marriage of female only after eighteen years age in India and transformation of women employee from cultivation work to industrial or other salary oriented work would be helpful in reducing the level of IMRs in India.
Infant Mortality in Northern and Southern Regions of India: Differentials and Determinants
Social Science Spectrum, 2018
Using the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) 2005-06 data, this paper examines the differentials and determinants of IMR in northern and southern regions of India –which record two extreme levels (highest and lowest respectively). Inferential statistics,bivariate analysis and multilevel Cox proportional regression were used as the methods of analysis. The result suggests that IMR is more pronounced in the northern than southern region. This was observed across the factors taken into consideration in the study. Nevertheless, mother’s illiteracy, working status, and marrying and delivering first child at a young age were the major mother-related factors for a high IMR. Birth interval of less than two years, being of small-sized at birth, being a female child, and not breastfed at the time of survey were the main child-related factors for a high IMR. Further, poor economic condition, living in a rural area and not having access to basic civic amenities were the key household-relate...
Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupational Health
Infant mortality is an important indicator of nation's socioeconomic welfare. There are many socioeconomic , demographic and environmental determinants of infant mortality. As infant has an innate relationship with the mother, therefore the maternal health programmes have also very important repercussion on infant health. The above two dimensions of infant mortality have seldom been examined together in infants-based studies. Thus, the survival analysis for infants regarding its several determinants along with maternal health programmes and their impact is seen in the study. The paper applies Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard model using National Family Health Survey data 2005-06, in India, to demonstrate the risk of infant death with the above said factors. Poor households are more likely to experience infant deaths than rich and middle households. Maternal health programmes have a significant effect on infant mortality, but the inclusion of breastfeeding, mother education and wealth index make these results insignificant. This study indicates that there is a need to increase birth spacing, improve mother's education level, encourage breastfeeding and discourage teenage pregnancy in order to achieve the desired outcome of reducing infant mortality. Many interesting facets of the successful implementation of government and non-government policies on the improvement of infant survival are also discussed.
Predictors of Neonatal and Infant Deaths in India
https://www.ijhsr.org/IJHSR\_Vol.9\_Issue.6\_June2019/IJHSR\_Abstract.02.html, 2019
Background: Child mortality is one of the important indicators that reflect level of socio-economic development and existence and utilization of medical services of any nation. Decline of child mortality, especially during neonate and infancy period is highly desirable. Many programmes launched by the country; still child mortality is of major concern. Further, effective implementation of modified programs is the need to reduce IMR for which modifiable determinants of mortality during neonatal period and infancy are needed. Aim: Assessing the status and determinants of neonatal and infant mortality Method: Present analysis was carried on data of NFHS-3 conducted in 2005-06. Bivariate analysis was used to identify the associated characteristics and Logistic Regression analysis to eliminate the effect of confounding was followed to identify the determinants of IMR. Statistical significance was judged at 5% level of significance. Result: A wide regional gap was found for both neonatal and IMR; lowest in western and southern regions (3.2%) and highest in central region (6.6%) but the proportion of neonatal to infant deaths was almost similar and was around 70% in all the regions except north-east. Education, income, age and parity had much role to play to neonatal and infant mortalities. The risk of death during infancy was higher by 1.28, 1.23, 1.76 and 1.32 times higher in north, north-east, central and east compared to southern region. Higher was the education of mother, lower was the neonatal and infant deaths irrespective of region. Conclusion: Women should be advised to avoid pregnancy before age 20 years, maintain adequate spacing, and not to move to higher order births for which needed contraceptive methods should be suggested to practice. Also, regional variation in services to reduce low birth weight babies should be on priority for maximum IMR reduction.
Socioeconomic and Demographic Correlates of Infant and Child Mortality in India
1976
The aim of this study is to identify the important effects of socio-demographic characteristics on infant and child mortality. For this reason, data were collected from slum areas of Rajshahi City Corporation at Rajshahi district in Bangladesh through purposive sampling technique. Chi-square test, correlation and multiple coefficients of determination techniques have been employed for analyzing the differential patterns, interrelationships and effects of socio-demographic correlates on infant and child death. Education of parents, income of household, occupation, age at first marriage and breastfeeding are significantly associated with infant and child death. The combined effects of social and demographic variables are wholly explained 46.2% and 82.5% for both infant and child death respectively. Therefore, female education, age at first marriage as well as income level should be increased at any cost to ensure reducing death of infant and child.
Maternal Mortality in India: An Overview of social causes
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP)
Reducing maternal mortality has been a constant struggle globally. Although developed regions have shown a steep decline in maternal deaths, developing world continues to contribute inordinately to the total maternal deaths. The Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 'five' focused on reducing maternal mortality and achieving universal access to reproductive health care. In lieu of that, India has made extensive efforts to achieve the same, which are visible through the sharp increase in the rate of institutional births (NFHS 4), but the concurrent high incidences of maternal mortality present a contradictory picture of the nation's progress in improving maternal health. Despite of the boom in the medical and health sector that India has witnessed in the past decades, progress in reducing maternal mortality at the national level is disappointing. With new Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) to reduce maternal mortality ratio to 70 per 100,000 live births by the year 2030, India needs to move beyond the hospital-based approach in addressing the reproductive health issues. The determinants of maternal mortality need to be studied through the lens of social phenomenon to understand its multidimensional nature. The present review, thus, briefly explores the available evidences to determine the causes of maternal mortality operating from proximate to distant level.
BMJ Open, 2019
ObjectivesThis paper analyses the patterns and trends in the mortality rates of infants and children under the age of 5 in India (1992–2016) and quantifies the variation in performance between different geographical states through three rounds of nationally representative household surveys.DesignThree rounds of cross-sectional survey data.SettingThe study is conducted at the national level: India and its selected good-performing states, namely Haryana, Kerala, Maharashtra, Punjab and Tamil Nadu, and selected poor-performing states, namely Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.ParticipantsAdopting a multistage, stratified random sampling, 601 509 households with 699 686 women aged 15–49 years in 2015–2016, 109 041 households with 124 385 women aged 15–49 years in 2005–2006, and 88 562 households with 89 777 ever married women in the age group 13–49 years in 1992–1993 were selected.ResultsThrough the use of maps, this paper clearly shows that the overall trend in infan...
Child mortality in India: a complex situation
2012
Background: The countdown database to track the maternal and child survival rate, as set by the Millennium Development Goal, reported recently that India's progress is not satisfactory in reducing newborn and child deaths. Data sources: Articles on neonatal and child mortality in India were accessed from PubMed/MEDLINE. Risk factors associated with neonatal and child mortality were reviewed in three crucial phases of pregnancy, childbirth and postnatal period.