Cleaver & Simard (2020) They are not “natural” disasters, but disasters of vulnerability (original) (raw)
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Handbook of Critical Environmental Politics, 2022
Published in Pellizzoni, L., Leonardi, E., Asara, V. (2022) Handbook of Critical Environmental Politics. Edward Elgar Publishing.Pp. 232-244 The chapter retraces the birth and development of disaster research in the social sciences and critically discusses the main frameworks that have emerged and driven disaster studies over the past 50 years: vulnerability and, more recently resilience and preparedness. Where the vulnerability approach revealed since the 1970s the role of social inequalities in explaining disasters, the paradigms of resilience and preparedness reflect the increasing pervasiveness of the theme of the catastrophe that has accompanied the emergence of the Anthropocene. They sustain an ongoing process of re-technicization and de-politicization in disaster research. Against this tendency, critical approaches to the study of disasters investigate the structural link between disasters and capitalism and between capitalism and the ecological crisis. The final section identifies some emerging issues: the growing intertwining between disasters and technological innovation, the generalization of the argument of exceptionality and the emergence of forms of mobilizations motivated by 'climate catastrophism'.
Although historical and literary accounts of disasters date back thousands of years, scientific analyses are more recent. contends that Rousseau provided the first social scientific insights into disaster with his observation that the impacts of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake would have been diminished if the city had been less densely populated and if people had evacuated promptly in response to the initial tremors. More than 150 years later, William James's (1983) observations in San Francisco immediately after the 1906 earthquake also anticipated important themes of later research by reporting improvisation ('the rapidity of the improvisation of order out of chaos', p. 336) and emergent organization ('within twenty four hours, rations, clothing, hospital, quarantine, disinfection, washing, police, military, quarters in camp and in houses, printed information, employment, all were provided for under the care of so many volunteer committees', p. 337). Nonetheless, the first systematic disaster research is generally acknowledged to be Samuel Prince's (1920) study of the 1917 Halifax explosion (Scanlon, 1988). This study documented the presence of convergence and emergence, as well as the absence of role abandonment. As Quarantelli
UDS International Journal of Development
There is increasing awareness in disaster research about the diverse ways in which disasters affect humanity. The impact of disaster stretches from individuals and households to nation-states. Most disaster discourses focus on the impact, mitigation, management, preparedness and response, but neglecting the issues surrounding the social and natural causes of disaster and their interrelationship. Using content analysis from previous studies, we review some of the discussions on disaster construction as a social or natural phenomenon. The review showed that issues about disaster construction largely centre on natural, social or human and technological factors. It is concluded that the issues triggering the construction of disasters are central to disaster preparedness and mitigation, as they lay the platform upon which decisions are made regarding which policy to put in place to prevent, mitigate or prepare for disasters. Keywords: Disaster, Literature Review, Management, Natural Phen...