Zika Virus epidemic: Distribution and Effect of Containment Measures taken by Department of Health (original) (raw)
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Cluster containment strategy: addressing Zika virus outbreak in Rajasthan, India
BMJ Global Health
India is at risk of Zika virus transmission due to high prevalence of its vector Aedes aegypti. Rajasthan, a state in the north-west region of India, has also high prevalence of Aedes mosquito. First laboratory confirmed case of Zika virus disease in Rajasthan was reported on 21 September 2018 in Jaipur. The Government of Rajasthan quickly implemented a containment strategy to contain the outbreak and prevent further spread of this disease. Strategy included active human and mosquito surveillance, laboratory testing and sequencing of the virus, integrated vector control measures, intersectoral coordination, risk communication and social mobilisation, all in a predefined geographic area around the epicentre. Timely action with appropriate coordination at all levels with multiple stakeholders contained the outbreak successfully. In all, 159 confirmed cases were reported from in and around the 3 km containment zone in Shastri Nagar area of Jaipur City and routine surveillance. Followin...
The 2021 Zika outbreak in Uttar Pradesh state of India: Tackling the emerging public health threat
Tropical Doctor
Zika virus is an RNA virus belonging to the Flavivirus family that is chiefly transmitted by the female Aedes mosquito. The Zika virus first infected humans in Uganda and Tanzania in 1952. Since, it has spread to several parts of the world causing outbreaks of variable extent. In India, these outbreaks have been reported from Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Kerala, and Maharashtra. The most recent outbreak is from the most populous state of India, Uttar Pradesh, where the climate is conducive to the breeding and transmission of other arboviral infections such as Dengue, Chikungunya, and Malaria. These infections also happen to share similar incubation periods and overlapping clinical manifestations with Zika virus (ZIKV) infection, leading to misdiagnoses or delayed diagnosis. We aim to provide an account of the outbreak, its repercussions, errors made in attempting to contain the spread of the disease, and, measures to be taken in the future.
Prevention and Control Strategies to Counter ZIKA Epidemic
Frontiers in microbiology, 2017
ZIKA virus (ZIKA) has now become a global phenomenon. Since 2007, evidence of ZIKA transmission has been reported over 72 countries and territories. The transmission of ZIKA has made World Health Organization to categorize the situation under the ambit of a health emergency. This situation is serious because there appears to be a highly tangible link between infection during pregnancy and the occurrence of microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. In the context of this emergency situation, this review article intends to discuss the prevention and control strategies such as avoiding travel to infected area, being careful from mosquito bites, take precautions to reduce the risk of sexual transmission, and seek medical care for any acute illness with rash or fever. This review is an attempt to analyze the results of those campaigns, keeping in view the variables and constants that affect any such measures. Furthermore, this article will suggest proactive measures that can be employed ...
Entomological Survey during Zika Virus Infection in Ahmedabad, Gujarat
Journal of Communicable Diseases, 2019
Three laboratory-confirmed Zika virus cases were reported from Bapunagar area, Ahmedabad District, Gujarat on 15 May 2017. Vector survey was done at two residential localities and one Govt. Hospital of the affected area and five Private Hospitals nearer to these colonies. Laboratory detection of Zika virus in field collected mosquitoes was done by using RT-PCR. During Aedes immature survey out of 2558 total houses searched in Ahmedabad affected area HI (5.6) and out of 4439 total containers searched CI & BI (3.1, 5.4) while on seeing individual affected area it was found that at Parmeshwar park the entomological parameter HI was found high (11.3). The overall main potential breeding containers in the affected areas were found mainly to be Scrap (50%), Kothi (Cement tank) (16.7%) and Mud pots (7.7%). High HI shows high risk of transmission of the disease. Total Aedes Mosquito collection for RNA extraction process shows that out of 103 total F1 generation reared mosquitoes had Females (54%) and Males (45.6%) while out of total 35 mosquitoes collected by aspirator had Males (57%) and Females (43%) and all were found negative for Zika Virus during RT-PCR. These results demonstrate that such high Aedes indices can lead to new episode of vector borne diseases especially in concern with Zika outbreak. Potential breeding sources like scrap materials, water logging due to leakage in water supply, bird pans and plastic cups were found with Aedes breeding during the survey suggesting the potential of the area for disease transmission.
Zika Virus Pandemic: Vector Control
2020
Objective: The objective is to understand the progression of the volatile pandemic of Zika virus occurring around Central America, South America, North America, Central Africa, Southeast Asia and the Caribbean and to communicate guidelines aimed at potentially infected individuals and health care providers for the support and care of individuals potentially infected with Zika virus. The negative health impacts of Zika virus affect both adults and infants therefore methods to remain safe during outbreaks should be implemented to prevent severe brain abnormalities and diminished function. Materials and Methods: A literature review was used to reevaluate data from nine well-cited articles on the impact of Zika virus, followed by an analysis of the Zika virus and its epidemiologic features, clinical management, laboratory testing, prevention and treatment to support providers in the assessment and diagnosis of individuals potentially carrying Zika virus. Results: The published literatur...
Global scenario of Zika virus transmission and prevention: recent updates
Zika virus is considered an emerging infectious disease with the potential to spread to new areas where the Aedes mosquito vector is present. Since the start of Zika epidemic this year, till date there are more than 44 countries with active Zika virus transmission. The virus can also be transmitted by substances of human origin from donors after clinical recovery from Zika virus disease due to possible prolonged viraemia or a persistence of the virus in semen after viraemia has cleared. Zika virus infection has been associated with neurological anomalies especially Guillain-Barré syndrome which has symptoms like weakness of the arms and legs that is usually the same on both sides of the body. Recently after careful review of the existing evidence the scientists at CDC concluded that Zika virus causes Microcephaly a condition in which the size of baby's brain and head is smaller than the normally expected. Apart from that there may be other severe brain defects in the new born baby. Till date there are no FDA approved vaccines or treatments for Zika at this time and recently FDA approved the Focus Diagnostics, Inc.'s Zika Virus RNA Qualitative Real-Time TR-PCR test for detection in emergencies. The World Health Organization has forecast that the smaller Caribbean economies would be losing anywhere from 1 to 2 percent of their GDP to the Zika virus in the coming months. The World Bank estimates figures that Zika has already cost the region a total of $3.5 billion USD or approximately 0.06 percent of the GDP of the Latin American and the Caribbean region. For planning more effective disease control and prevention activities for Zika fever there is great need for a functional and intensified Public Health Surveillance system Preparedness for the prevention and control of Zika virus infection will require capacities and capabilities for early detection, response and communication.
2021
Background In wake of the global health emergency declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) during 2016, on the outbreak of ZIKA pandemic, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) carried out countrywide vector surveillance for ZIKA and DENGUE viruses (ZIKV & DENV) in India, as a preparedness measure. Methods The study incorporated high-risk zones distributed to 49 Districts in 14 states/ Union Territories (UT) of India during 2016-2019. Seven ICMR Institutions undertook the study, following a uniform Standard Operating Protocol. Aedes specimens sampled on weekly intervals were processed by multiplex Reverse transcriptase PCR for ZIKV/DENV and Real time RT-PCR of ZIKV, among few samples distributed to all the Districts. Results Altogether, 79492 specimens of Aedes mosquitoes in 6492 pools were processed for both ZIKV and DENV infections. Among these, three and 63 pools respectively were found positive for ZIKV and DENV. ZIKV infections were recorded from Aedes aegypti sampled...
PENULARAN VERTIKAL ALAMI VIRUS ‘menyerupai’ ZIKA DALAM NYAMUK AEDES AEGYPTI DARI WABAH DI KOTA JAMBI
Kesmas: National Public Health Journal
Transmission of Zika virus could occur as a mosquito-borne transmission by Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus. During the transition period of 2014 to 2015, there had been reported an outbreak of dengue in Jambi City, during which several of the sufferers were screened positive for Zika virus infection by the Eijkman Institute. Interestingly, all of those positive for Zika virus were indigenous residents and none of them had history of international travel. To overview of Aedes spp. population by ovitrap and egg colonization and to detect the presence of Zika virus. The research was a descriptive analytic study with cross-sectional design. The samples then underwent like Zika virus detection using RT-PCR and the results were described as mapping. The Ovitrap Index was 44.74% and during examination of egg colonization collected from 40 neighborhoods was found Zika “like” virus in samples obtained from the 4th neighborhood in Talang Bakung Village.