2 3 Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the World Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of South America Brazil (original) (raw)

Abstract

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) have been utilized in various forms since the earliest days of mankind. They have maintained their traditional basic curative role even in our modern societies. Apart from their traditional culinary and food industry uses, MAPs are intensively consumed as food supplements (food additives) and in animal husbandry, where feed additives are used to replace synthetic chemicals and production-increasing hormones. Importantly medicinal plants and their chemical ingredients can serve as starting and/or model materials for pharmaceutical research and medicine production. Current areas of utilization constitute powerful drivers for the exploitation of these natural resources. Today's demands, coupled with the already rather limited availability and potential exhaustion of these natural resources, make it necessary to take stock of them and our knowledge regarding research and development, production, trade and utilization, and especially from the viewpoint of sustainability. The series Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the World is aimed to look carefully at our present knowledge of this vast interdisciplinary domain on a global scale. In the era of global climatic change, the series is expected to make an important contribution to the better knowledge and understanding of MAPs. The Editor of the series is indebted for all of the support and encouragement received in the course of international collaborations started with his ISHS involvement, in 1977. Special thanks are due to Professor D. Fritz, Germany for making it possible. The encouragement and assistance of Springer Editor, Mrs. Melanie van Overbeek, has been essential in realizing this challenging book project. Thanks are due to the publisher -Springer Science+Business Media, The Netherlands -for supporting this global collaboration in the domain of medicinal and aromatic plants. We sincerely hope this book series can contribute and give further impetus to the exploration and utilization of our mutual global, natural treasure of medicinal and aromatic plants. Budapest, Prof. Dr. Ákos Máthé.

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  772. Himatanthus drasticus (Mart.) Plumel rainer.bussmann@iliauni.edu.ge In the digestive tract the whole plant and the leaves are used to cure: Stomach(ache) (Guianas, DeFilipps et al. 2008; Surinam, van Andel and Ruysschaert 2011; Haíti, Germosén-Robineau 2005; Gupta 1995; Beauvoir et al. 2001, in Duke et al. 2009; Weniger et al. 1986; Martinique, Honychurch 1986; Panama, Morton 1977), Dyspepsia (Dominican Republic, Beauvoir et al. 2001, in Duke et al. 2009), Antiemetic (Guianas, DeFilipps et al. 2008), Dysentery (Surinam, van Andel and Ruysschaert 2011), Intestines (Surinam, van Andel and Ruysschaert 2011) and Flatulence (Martinique, Longuefosse and Nossin 1996). The next category is wounds, bruises and sprains. Recipes are described for: Hematoma (Guianas, DeFilipps et al. 2008), Bruises and sprains (Dominica, Germosén-Robineau 2005; Martinique, Germosén-Robineau 2005; Puerto Rico, Nuñez 1992), Sprains, Fracture (Dominican Republic, Beauvoir et al. 2001, in Duke et al. 2009), Sprains (Martinique, Longuefosse and Nossin 1996), Cuts (Jamaica (Gupta 1995; Trinidad and Tobago, Seaforth et al. 1983; Virgin Islands, Thomas 1997), Wounds (Trinidad, Wong (1976);
  773. Venezuela, Gupta 1995; Haíti, Beauvoir et al. 2001, in Duke et al. 2009; Puerto Rico, Nuñez 1992) and Vulnerary (Dominican Republic, Cordero 1986). Nerves are calmed down by J. pectoralis in a limited amount of countries (5). Most recipes come from Cuba. Remedies are described for: Sedative (nerves)
  774. Cuba, Roig and Mesa 1928, 1965; Beyra et al. 2004; Virgin Islands, Thomas 1997), Calmative (Guianas, DeFilipps et al. 2008; Costa Rica, Gupta 1995), Anxiety (Cuba, Macias-Peacok et al. 2009), Tension (Costa Rica, Garcia Gonzalez et al. 2002), Nerves (Costa Rica, Garcia Gonzalez et al. 2002; Germosén-Robineau 2005; Cuba, Germosén-Robineau 2005; Morton 1977; Puerto Rico, Nuñez 1992). Analgesic effects of J. pectoralis form the fifth category. It is used against: Headache (Guianas, DeFilipps et al. 2008; Brazil, Coelho-Ferreira 2009; Surinam, van Andel and Ruysschaert 2011), Pains (Brazil, Albuquerque et al. 2007;
  775. Surinam, van Andel and Ruysschaert 2011; Panama, Caballero-George and Gupta 2011), Legs and pain (Brazil, Coelho-Ferreira 2009; Surinam, van Andel and Ruysschaert 2011; Panama, Morton 1977). In women diseases, we have five reci- pes which almost all concern menstruation ailments (Ecuador, Tene et al. 2007;
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  1300. Phyllanthus niruri L. rainer.bussmann@iliauni.edu.ge Escandón and Méndez 2006; Hernández and Volpato 2004; Beyra et al. 2004; Hammer et al. 1990; Garcia et al. 2010; Gupta 1995; Roig and Mesa 1928, Roig and Mesa 1965; Florida (USA), Hodges and Bennett 2006; Nicaragua, Gupta 1995; Barrett 1994; Panama, Gupta 1995; Venezuela, Gupta 1995). The popularity of this plant is indicated by the presence of quite some detailed names like: Sauge rouge (Haíti, Beauvoir et al. 2001 in Duke et al. 2009), la sauge (Haíti, Liogier 1990, 1996, 2000), salvia, salvia blanca (Dominican Republic, Liogier 1990, 1996, 2000;
  1301. Cordero 1986), salvia cimarron (Cuba, Pino et al. 2009; Gupta 1995; Roig and Mesa 1928, 1965), salvia de las Antillas (Dominican Republic, Cordero 1986), sal- via de playa Cuba, Barreto et al. 2002, 2007; Fuentes et al. 1989; Godínez and Volpato 2008; Pino et al. 2005, 2009; Milanés et al. 1999; Pérez et al. 2007; Rosales et al. 1999; Gupta 1995; Roig and Mesa 1928, 1965), salvia del pais (Cuba, Pino et al. 2009; Milanés et al. 1999; Fernández and Torres 2006; Gupta 1995; Roig and Mesa 1928, 1965), salvia olorosa Puerto Rico, Nuñez 1992), salvia real (Middle America, Morton 1981) and salvia santa (Middle America, Morton 1981). The name salvia may refer to the European species Salvia officinalis L. The leaves are much alike, upper surface green and lower surface grayish and hairy. Both have a bitter taste. The common names, cure for all (Florida, USA, Woodmansee and Green 2006; Wilder and Roche 2009; Barbados, Honychurch 1986; Peter n.d.), cureforal (Panama, Gupta 1995), guerit-tout (French Guiana, DeFilipps et al. 2008), Guétit-tout (Haíti, Beauvoir et al. 2001 in Duke et al. 2009) and geritout (Trinidad and Tobago, Seaforth et al. 1983) are an allusion of the wide spectrum of medicinal application. Several common names refer to the medicinal uses of P. carolinensis. Cough bush (Bahamas, Austin 2004) indicate its use as an expectorant. In the for- mer Aztec region of Mexico and Central America the common names siguapote (El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala, Gupta 1995), siguapate (Honduras, Ticktin and Dalle 2005; House et al. 1990), ciguapate (Guatemala, Kufer et al. 2005;
  1302. Nicaragua, Gupta 1995) and seguapeti (El Salvador, Gupta 1995) signify in the Nahuath-lenguage, women medicine. Chal-che (Belize, Acevedo-Rodriguez 1996;
  1303. Mexico, Steggerda 1943), Chalche' (Mexico, Ankli et al. 1999; Gupta 1995) means 'wash-quickly', referring to its use before, during and after childbirth (Austin 2004). Sour bush (Republic of Kiribati, Space and Imada 2004; Hawaii, Wood and LeGrande 2006; Starr et al. 2006; Englund et al. 2002; Bahamas, Eldridge 1975;
  1304. S.Virgin Islands, Acevedo-Rodriguez 1996) refers to the bitter taste of its leaves as does bitter tabacco (Jamaica, Austin 2004). Smoking the leaves, like tabacco, may have given rise to the variety of common names with tabacco or tabac as its noun: Bitter tabacco (Jamaica, Austin 2004), Indian tabacco (Turks and Caicos Islands, Morton 1977), tabac a Jacot (Haíti, Beauvoir et al. 2001 in Duke et al. 2009), tabac a jacquot (Martinique, Slama et al. 2003), tabac diable (Martinique, Honychurch 1986), tabac du diable (French Guiana, DeFilipps et al. 2008), tabac marron (Middle America, Morton 1981), tabac sauvage (Haíti, Liogier 1990, 1996, 2000), tabac zombie Dominica, Honychurch 1986; Quinlan and Quinlan 2007) and tabacco cimarron (Panama, Austin 2004). The meaning of the common name tabac a jacot is explained by Austin (2004). In a game called 'Simon says' one imitates as a parrot (jacquot) imitates people. Thus P. carolinensis imitates the real tabacco. Pluchea carolinensis (Jacq.) G. Don rainer.bussmann@iliauni.edu.ge
  1305. Ecological Requirements P. carolinensis is a shrub that is adapted to a wide variety of soils. It grows on wet and dry soils. However, it does not like shade. It is common in disturbed areas (US Forest Service n.d.). The plant is cultivated in gardens in Venezuela, Panama and Cuba and is sold on markets (Morton 1981). In Cuba, a phytosanitary study was performed to determine the illnesses, insects and present overgrowths in the nursery (Escandón and Méndez 2006). To-date, there is no further data on cultivation pres- ent in the literature.
  1306. Collection Practice In Venezuela, Panama and Cuba the plant is cultivated in gardens and patios (Morton 1981). The leaves are generally collected in the wild.
  1307. 9 Traditional Use (Part(s) Used) and Common Knowledge In the literature, we have found a total of 186 recipes describing the traditional uses of P. carolinensis and these are distributed over 21 countries in North America, Central America, the Caribbean and South America. The plant is also found in the Islands of the Pacific and Taiwan, but no medicinal uses are reported. In North America, we have found information on its medicinal uses in Florida, the city of New York (USA) and Mexico. In Central America six countries, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama present data. Medicinal uses are recorded for Cuba, Dominican Republic, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos, Bahamas, Puerto Rico, Dominica, Jamaica, Martinique and Haiti. P. carolinensis has its habitat in countries in the northern part of South America like Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela. Recently it was described in the north of Peru (Dillon 2006). Remarkably, only from French Guiana have we found documents on the medicinal uses of this plant. Apparently, the medicinal value of this plant has not found its way in the traditional health systems in these countries. This is also the case in the islands of the Pacific and Taiwan. Here the plant is more considered as a rather aggressive, invasive weed (Global Invasive Species Database 2008). By far, most recipes refer to ailments, illnesses of the Respiratory tract (27%), followed by Pains (15%), Women Diseases (14%), the Digestive tract (12%), Fever (8%), Rheumatism (7%), Wounds (6%), Winds (3%), Liver (2%) and Sundries (6%). In conditions of the Respiratory tract, the leaves are mostly used for Throat (Dominican Republic, Cordero 1986; Liogier 1990; Roersch, Unpublished results (Unp. Res.);
  1308. Cuba, Godínez and Volpato 2008; Florida (USA), Hodges and Bennett 2006; Haíti, Liogier 2000; Belize, Arvigo and Balick 1993; Dominica, Quinlan and Quinlan 2007; Bahamas, Eldridge 1975; French Guiana, DeFilipps et al. 2008), Cough (Haíti, Liogier 2000; Belize, Arvigo and Balick 1993; Dominica, Quinlan and Quinlan 2007; Bahamas, Eldridge 1975), Expectorant (Haíti, Liogier 2000), Hoarseness (Cuba, Beyra et al. 2004; Godínez and Volpato 2008; Mexico, Morton 1981; Dominican Republic, Roersch, Unp.res.), Flu (Dominican Republic, Mañon et al. 1992, Roersch, Unp. Res.; Belize, Arvigo and Balick 1993; Martinique, Longuefosse and Nossin 1996; Guatemala, Gupta 1995; Honduras, Gupta 1995;
  1309. French Guiana, DeFilipps et al. 2008), Colds (Belize, Arvigo and Balick 1993;
  1310. Caribbean, Honychurch 1986; Guatemala, Kufer et al. 2005; Cuba, Beyra et al. 2004; Bahamas, Eldridge 1975; Morton 1981, French Guiana, DeFilipps et al. 2008; Trinidad and Tobago, Seaforth et al. 1983), Chest colds with wheezing (Turks and Caicos Islands, Morton 1977), Pneumonia (Cuba, Hernández and Volpato 2004), Bronchopneumonia (Dominican Republic, Roersch, Unp. Res.), Bronchitic rattle (Martinique, Longuefosse and Nossin 1996), Catarrh (Cuba, Volpato et al. 2009; Hernández and Volpato 2004; Beyra et al. 2004; Godínez and Volpato 2008; Florida (USA), Hodges and Bennett 2006; Mexico, Morton 1981), Asthma (Belize, Arvigo and Balick 1993), Sinusitis (Panama, Gupta 1995; Honduras, House et al. 1990). The second category is Pains. Generally the leaves are used as Analgesic (Puerto Rico, Nuñez 1992; Costa Rica, Gupta 1995), pain (Bahamas, Eldridge 1975;
  1311. Nicaragua, Gupta 1995), Ear pain (Mexico, Heinrich et al. 1992), Toothache (Cuba, Beyra et al. 2004; Bahamas, Eldridge 1975; Morton 1981; Nicaragua, Gupta 1995;
  1312. Florida (USA), Hodges and Bennett 2006; Dominican Republic, Roersch, Unp. Res.), Thoracic pain (Martinique, Longuefosse and Nossin 1996), Chest pain (Mexico, Steggerda 1943), Headache (Dominican Republic, Liogier 2000; Roersch, Unp. Res.; Guatemala, Kufer et al. 2005; Cuba, Godínez and Volpato 2008; Roig and Mesa 1928; Nicaragua, Gupta 1995; Panama, Gupta 1995; Trinidad and Tobago, Seaforth et al. 1983; Florida (USA), Hodges and Bennett 2006), Migraine (Cuba, Beyra et al. 2004; Puerto Rico, Alvarado-Guzmán et al. 2009), Muscular pain (Honduras, House et al. 1990), Abdominal pain (Honduras, House et al. 1990), Azahar (Guatemala, Kufer et al. 2005), Whole body pain (Nicaragua, Gupta 1995). In the group of traditional ailments, i.e. Women Diseases, we have found 26 reci- pes of which 21 come from Mexico and Central America, where the local names siguapate (women medicine) and Chalche (wash-quickly) dominate. Mainly leaves are used for: Pregnancy (to alleviate abdominal pain) (Honduras, Ticktin and Dalle 2005), Women in labor (Mexico, Steggerda 1943), After childbirth (Belize, Arvigo and Balick 1993; Mexico, Steggerda 1943), Expulsion of the placenta (Mexico, Gupta 1995; Guatemala, Kufer et al. 2005; Bahamas, Eldridge 1975), Desire of hav- ing a child (Mexico, Ankli et al. 1999), Fertility treatment or contraception (Guatemala, Kufer et al. 2005), Abortion (Mexico, Ankli et al. 1999; Gupta 1995), Miscarriage (Honduras, Ticktin and Dalle 2005), To induce menstruation (Mexico, Gupta 1995), Amenorrhea (Mexico, Steggerda 1943), Childbirth (Haíti, Beauvoir C. Roersch rainer.bussmann@iliauni.edu.ge et al. 2001 in Duke 2009), menstruation (pain) (Mexico, Ankli et al. 1999;
  1313. Guatemala, Kufer et al. 2005), menstrual problems (Mexico, Bork et al. 1997; Heinrich et al. 1992; Cuba, Godínez and Volpato 2008; Honduras, House et al. 1990), Menstruation (Dominican Republic, Roersch, Unp. Res.; Mexico, Steggerda 1943), To regulate menstruation (Honduras, House et al. 1990) Matrix prolapse (Martinique, Longuefosse and Nossin 1996), Uterine fibroids (USA (New York), Balick et al. 2000), Galactagogue (Mexico, Gupta 1995). P. carolinensis is used to cure ailments of the Digestive tract. We have found the following traditional applications: Stomach disorders (Jamaica, Liogier 1990;
  1314. Guatemala, Gupta 1995; Dominican Republic, Roersch, Unp. Res.), Digestive (Cuba, Godínez and Volpato 2008), Stomachache (Mexico, Bork et al. 1997;
  1315. in Scholz et al. 1994; Heinrich et al. 1992; Nicaragua, Gupta 1995;
  1316. Honduras, House et al. 1990), Dyspepsia (Haíti, Beauvoir et al. 2001 in Duke 2009), Intestinal pain (Dominican Republic, Roersch, Unp. Res.; Mexico, Steggerda 1943), Gastrointestinal parasites (Heinrich 1989 in Scholz et al. 1994; Heinrich et al. 1992), Diarrhoea (Bork et al. 1997; Heinrich 1989 in Scholz et al. 1994; Heinrich et al. 1992; Nicaragua, Gupta 1995), Gastrointestinal disorders (Mexico, Frei et al. 1998; Guatemala, Gupta 1995), Carminative (Puerto Rico, Nuñez 1992), Colic (Nicaragua, Gupta 1995; Honduras, House et al. 1990), Spasm (Nicaragua, Gupta 1995), Stomach ailments (Florida (USA), Hodges and Bennett 2006), Flatulence (Florida (USA), Hodges and Bennett 2006), and Constipation (Honduras, House et al. 1990). The next category, Fever, contains recipes from Spanish, French and English speaking nations. P. carolinensis is used for: Fever (Haíti, Liogier 2000; Beauvoir et al. 2001 in Duke 2009; Guatemala, Kufer et al. 2005; Cuba, Beyra et al. 2004; Volpato et al. 2009; Godínez and Volpato 2008; French Guiana, DeFilipps et al. 2008; Trinidad and Tobago, Seaforth et al. 1983; Turks and Caicos islands, Morton 1977; Mexico, Steggerda 1943; Honduras, House et al. 1990), Fever and Chills (Martinique, Longuefosse and Nossin 1996), Diaphoretic (Puerto Rico, Nuñez 1992), To bring out the heat (Nicaragua, Barrett 1994), To cool the heat of the blood (Nicaragua, Barrett 1994). Regarding Rheumatism the following cases are mentioned: Rheumatic pains (Belize, Arvigo and Balick 1993; Venezuela, Morton 1981), Rheumatism (Guatemala, Kufer et al. 2005; Cuba, Hernández and Volpato 2004; Roig and Mesa 1928;
  1317. Haíti, Beauvoir et al. 2001 in Duke 2009; Bahamas, Eldridge 1975;
  1318. Martinique, Longuefosse and Nossin 1996; Nicaragua, Gupta 1995; Mexico, Steggerda 1943; Dominican Republic, Roersch, Unp. Res.; Honduras, House et al. 1990), Arthritic joints (Belize, Arvigo and Balick 1993). For curing Wounds and swellings, only the leaves are used: Wounds, purulent (Dominican Republic, Cordero 1986), Wounds (Jamaica, Liogier 2000), Pyoderma (Cuba, Beyra et al. 2004), Ulcers (Jamaica, Liogier 2000), Skin infections (Mexico, Bork et al. 1997), Tumors (Belize, Arvigo and Balick 1993), Bruises (Belize, Arvigo and Balick 1993), Swellings (Turks and Caicos Islands, Morton 1977; Belize, Arvigo and Balick 1993), Rash (Florida (USA), Hodges and Bennett 2006), and Antiseptic (Florida (USA), Hodges and Bennett 2006). Pluchea carolinensis (Jacq.) G. Don rainer.bussmann@iliauni.edu.ge
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  1802. Crude Drug Used Fernandes et al. (2013) characterized the dried extract of the bark of X. americana by analytical methods. Tests conducted with thermal analysis showed an endother- mic process in 83.16 °C, likely related to the loss of volatile constituents of the sample and the beginning of the process of decomposition, which occurs at a tem- perature of 218.42 °C. The dried extract of X. americana L. showed high-intensity diffraction peaks and a slight increase of the peaks on 70 °C. There are some products on the market, such as Xymelys 45® containing X. americana bark extract, as it is a cosmetic designed to protect ultrasensitive skin, oxidative stress, and free radicals. It also has strong astringent activity (Nachat- Kappes et al. 2014). The X. americana tea of the bark's vegetal drug powder is marketed in Brazil and used externally to heal wounds and ulcers, in addition to internally, to treat kidney and heart diseases (Lall and Kishore 2014). The seed's yield is between 60% and 70% oil, which is edible and has anti- inflammatory properties. It is marketed for the treatment of dry skin conditions, in emollient, moisturising, and anti-aging skin care products, anti-acne products, prod- ucts for dry, fragile and damaged hair, and for soaps, lipsticks, and lip balms (ITC 2012; Eromosele and Eromosele 2002). Studies on ximenynic acid (Ximenoil®) have revealed improvement in blood circulation (Indena 2015; Vermaak et al. 2011).
  1803. Major Chemical Constituents and Bioactive Compounds The compounds found in X. americana included the following classes: saponins, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, quinones, terpe- noids, cardiac glycosides, phlobatannins and anthraquinones. Furthermore, this spe- cies is rich in fatty acids and glycerides (Abdalla et al. 2013; Cartaxo et al. 2010; Maikai et al. 2008b; Sacande and Vautier 2006; Ogunleye and Ibitoye 2003). In X. americana it was studied if gallic acid could be the chemical marker (Brandão et al. 2014). The current list of compounds found by liquid-liquid extrac- tion includes cyanogenic glycoside sambunigrin, gallic acid, gallotannins β-glucogalline, 1,6-digalloyl-β-glucopyranose. It furthermore includes the following flavonoids: quercetin, quercitrin (quercetin-3-O-α-rhamnopyranoside), avicularin (quercetin-3-O-α-arabinofuranoside), quercetin-3-O-β-xylopyranoside, quercetin- 3-O-(6″-galloyl)-β-glucopyranoside and kaempferol-3-O-(6″-galloyl)-β- glucopyranoside and 3-methyl-1-oxo isochroman-8-Carboxylic acid (Abdalla et al. 2013; Le et al. 2011). In addition, in the leaves gathered from southern Niger, observed was high calcium content, iron, magnesium, manganese, and zinc, low protein content, the presence of linolenate, and high levels of palmitate (Mevy et al. 2006; Freiberger et al. 1998). Identified in the seed oil was the presence of oleic, hexacos-17-enoic (ximenic), linoleic, linolenic, stearic acids together with smaller quantities of triacont-21-enoic (lumequic), octadec-11-en-9-ynoic (ximenynic acid), Ximenia americana L. rainer.bussmann@iliauni.edu.ge
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