New Temples and New Solomons: The Rhetoric of Byzantine Architecture (original) (raw)

Abstract

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The paper examines the influence of Christian interpretations on the perception and representation of the Temple of Solomon in Byzantine architecture. It discusses the theological implications of reconstructing sacred spaces while acknowledging the multifaceted meanings attributed to various temples in Biblical texts. The challenges facing Byzantine architects in symbolizing the sanctity of these spaces without contradicting Christian doctrine are analyzed, emphasizing how such architectural endeavors were embedded in a rich allegorical context.

Figures (8)

A few unusual examples move from the loosely applied textual metaphor to the more specifically identified architectural symbol. The sixth-century Cha- pel of the Theotokos on Mt. Nebo offers a unique example in which the asso- ciation with the Temple is visually manifest. Between the chancel barrier and the altar, a schematic representation of the Temple appears in the floor mosaic Fig. 3). A fire burns before the Temple, and the building is flanked by two bulls, whose presence is explained by the inscription, from Psalm 51 (50): “They shall lay calves upon thy altar.” Here the phrase identifies the bulls as sacrificial, and, is Sylvester Saller noted, the verse was repeated in the early Jerusalem liturgy when the offerings were placed upon the altar.”* In the Mt. Nebo inscription, the Temple is invoked in a fairly specific way, but its parts have been conflated: the altar of sacrifice and the Holy of Holies merge, for in Christian terms the Eucharist represents both the sacrifice and the divine presence. In the end, the

A few unusual examples move from the loosely applied textual metaphor to the more specifically identified architectural symbol. The sixth-century Cha- pel of the Theotokos on Mt. Nebo offers a unique example in which the asso- ciation with the Temple is visually manifest. Between the chancel barrier and the altar, a schematic representation of the Temple appears in the floor mosaic Fig. 3). A fire burns before the Temple, and the building is flanked by two bulls, whose presence is explained by the inscription, from Psalm 51 (50): “They shall lay calves upon thy altar.” Here the phrase identifies the bulls as sacrificial, and, is Sylvester Saller noted, the verse was repeated in the early Jerusalem liturgy when the offerings were placed upon the altar.”* In the Mt. Nebo inscription, the Temple is invoked in a fairly specific way, but its parts have been conflated: the altar of sacrifice and the Holy of Holies merge, for in Christian terms the Eucharist represents both the sacrifice and the divine presence. In the end, the

platform—following both the unit of measure and the measurements given in Ezekiel 42:2-3. Harrison estimates the sanctuary of the church to have been 20 royal cubits square internally, the exact measurement of the Holy of Holies, as given in Ezekiel 41:4. Similarly, the ostentatious decoration compares with that described in the Temple; if we let peacocks stand in for cherubim, as Harrison suggests, cherubim alternate with palm trees, bands of ornamental network, fes- toons of chainwork, pomegranates, network on the capitals, and capitals shaped like lilies (Fig. 7).  FS Oe RS OS ee ee: cc: ns scans ee:

platform—following both the unit of measure and the measurements given in Ezekiel 42:2-3. Harrison estimates the sanctuary of the church to have been 20 royal cubits square internally, the exact measurement of the Holy of Holies, as given in Ezekiel 41:4. Similarly, the ostentatious decoration compares with that described in the Temple; if we let peacocks stand in for cherubim, as Harrison suggests, cherubim alternate with palm trees, bands of ornamental network, fes- toons of chainwork, pomegranates, network on the capitals, and capitals shaped like lilies (Fig. 7). FS Oe RS OS ee ee: cc: ns scans ee:

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References (318)

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  16. Young, "Martyrdom" (n. 34 above) esp. 71, makes an important association of the early Christian and contemporaneous Judaic concept of martyrdom (martyria) with the Temple sacrifice.
  17. V. Const. 4.45; trans. Wilkinson, Egeria's Travels, 302.
  18. Wilkinson, "Jewish Influences," 351-52.
  19. Ousterhout, "Temple" (n. 17 above) 48 and figs. 4-6.
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  26. Breviarius, 2; trans. Wilkinson, Jerusalem Pilgrims, 59. politan Kontakion," BMGS 12 (1988): 137-49.
  27. Flavius Cresconius Corippus, In laudem Iustini Augusti minoris libri IV, ed. Av. Cameron (London, 1976), 4.283.
  28. G. Scheja, "Hagia Sophia und Templum Salomonis," IM 12 (1962): 44-58, esp. figs. 1-2. 68 Ibid., 55.
  29. How the central nave space relates proportionally to the side aisles is problematic; note the "simple" explanation of B. Pantelić, "Applied Geometrical Planning and Proportions in the Church of Hagia Sophia in Istanbul," IM 49 (1999): 493-515.
  30. A. M. Schneider, "Die Kuppelmosaiken der Hagia Sophia zu Konstantinopel," Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, I Philologisch-Historische Klasse 13 (1949): 345- 55, esp. 352-53;
  31. C. Mango, Materials for the Study of the Mosaics of St. Sophia at Istanbul, DOS 8 (Washington, DC, 1962), 85-86. Both cite Choniates and Sphrantzes, who refer to the dome as the "second firmament."
  32. J. Z. Smith, To Take Place: Toward Theory in Ritual (Chicago, 1987), 8.
  33. See most recently J. Wortley, "Relics and the Great Church," BZ 99 (2006): 631-47, who sug- gests that the lack of corporeal relics at Hagia Sophia might reflect the building's association with the Temple.
  34. G. Majeska, Russian Travelers to Constantinople in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries, DOS 10 (Washington, DC, 1984), 199.
  35. Robert of Clari, La conquête de Constantinople, ed. A. Pauphilet, Historiens et chroniqueurs du moyen âge (Paris, 1952), 84.
  36. Smith, To Take Place.
  37. G. Majeska, "St. Sophia: The Relics," DOP 27 (1973): 71-87;
  38. Dagron, Constantinople imagi- naire (n. 11 above), 301-3; Wortley, "Relics."
  39. R. M. Harrison, Excavations at the Saraçhane in Istanbul (Princeton, 1986), vol. 1, esp. 410- 11; idem, A Temple for Byzantium (Austin, 1989); idem, "The Church of St. Polyeuktos in Istanbul and the Temple of Solomon," Okeanos: Essays Presented to Ihor Ševčenko on His Sixtieth Birthday by His Colleagues and Students, ed. C. Mango, O. Pritsak, and U. Pasicznyk (Cambridge, MA, 1984): 276-79.
  40. Ed. Preger, Scriptores originum Constantinopolitanarum, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1901), 1:105; Dag- ron, Constantinople imaginaire, 303-9;
  41. Harrison, "Church of St. Polyeuktos," 276-79.
  42. Prokopios, Buildings, 1.1.61-62.
  43. J. Bardill, Brickstamps of Constantinople, 2 vols. (Oxford, 2004), 1:62-64 and 111-16; see also review by Robert Ousterhout in BZ 98 (2005): 575-77; and J.-P. Sodini, "Remarques sur les briques timbrées de Constantinople," REB 63 (2005): 225-32, esp. 226-28.
  44. J. Bardill, "A New Temple for Byzantium: Anicia Juliana, King Solomon, and the Gilded Ceiling of the Church of St. Polyeuktos in Constantinople," in Social and Political Life in Late Antiquity, ed. W. Bowden, A. Gutteridge, and C. Machado (Leiden, 2006), 339-70, with a thor- ough bibliography; note esp. 339-40.
  45. Perspectives," in Byzantium State and Society: In Memory of Nikos Oikonomides (Athens, 2003), 465-80, esp. 476-80.
  46. Croke, "Justinian, Theodora."
  47. Ed. I. Bekker, Annales (Bonn, 1836), 498; as noted by P. Magdalino, "Observations on the Nea Ekklesia of Basil I," JÖB 37 (1987): 58, n. 42; Patria Konstantinoupoleos, 2.40; ed. Preger, 171; discussed by Dagron, Constantinople imaginaire (n. 11 above), 138, 268. The statue was later trans- ferred to the substructures of the Nea, discussed below.
  48. Dagron, Constantinople imaginaire, 138.
  49. R. M. Harrison, "From Jerusalem and Back Again: The Fate of the Treasures of Solomon," in Churches Built in Ancient Times: Recent Studies in Early Christian Archaeology, ed. K. Painter (London, 1994), 239-48;
  50. J. Taylor, "The Nea Church: Were the Temple Treasures Hidden Here?" Biblical Archaeology Review (Jan.-Feb. 2008), 50-60. I thank Prof. Shahîd for generously sharing his ideas with me.
  51. S. Tougher, "The Wisdom of Leo VI," in New Constantines: The Rhythm of Imperial Renewal in Byzantium, 4th-13th Centuries, ed. P. Magdalino (Aldershot, 1994), 171-79.
  52. Leo the Grammarian, ed. Bekker (n. 91 above), 257-58;
  53. Dagron, Constantinople imaginaire (n. 11 above), 269, 309.
  54. Ibid., 269; but see Tougher, "Wisdom," 174-75.
  55. As Magdalino, "Observations on the Nea" (n. 91 above), 58, suggests.
  56. Discussed by Tougher, "Wisdom," 174; see I. Ševčenko, "The Greek Source of the Inscrip- tion on Solomon's Chalice in the Vita Constantini," in To Honor Roman Jakobson: Essays on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday, 11 October 1966 (The Hague, 1967), 3:1806-17;
  57. A. A. Vasiliev, "Harun-Ibn-Yahya and His Description of Constantinople," Seminarum Kondakovum 5 (1932): 477-87.
  58. D. Mouriki, The Mosaics of Nea Moni on Chios, 2 vols. (Athens, 1985), 1:137;
  59. R. Ousterhout, "Originality in Byzantine Architecture: The Case of Nea Moni," JSAH 51 (1992): 48-60, esp. 59. index (Kariye Camii, Istanbul), 31, 33, 36-38, 37, 113, 231, 232, 252 chosen people. See new Israel, identification of Christian Byzantium as Chosroes (Persian ruler), 183 Christianization of Old Testament in Byzantium, 3-4, 8
  60. Christian sources for Islamic portrayals of Moses, 282-87, 293
  61. Christian Topography (attrib. Kosmas Indikopleustes), 14, 131, 133-41, 143, 169 Christian world chronicle defined, 157-58 development of, 157-61 OT sources, complex relationship to, 153-54 See also John Malalas Christmas, feast of, 64n25, 71 1 and 2 Chronicles (biblical books), 108n4, 224n5, 270
  62. Chronicon Paschale, 153n, 158, 160, 163n39, 171n70, 186-87
  63. Chronograph (Archival Chronicle), 259-60 church architecture. See sacred space in Byzantine architecture Church History (Eusebios). See Eusebios of Caesarea Cleopa (brother of Joseph the husband of the Virgin Mary), 273
  64. Codex Alexandrinus (London, British Library, MS Royal I.D.v-viii), 108n4, 154, 218n72
  65. Codex Amiatinus (Florence, Biblioteca Medicea-Laurenziana [Laur.], siglum A), 108-9
  66. Codex Grandior (no longer extant), 108
  67. Codex Sinaiticus (London, British Library, Add. MS 43725), 154
  68. Codex Vaticanus (Vat. MS gr. 1209), 154 coins and coinage Bar Kochba coinage, Temple images on, 237 Rex regnantium coins of Justinian II, 18, 29
  69. Cometopouloi, 258, 266 commentaries Jewish, 42, 48-49 psalters with and without, 82-83 of St. Basil on Isaiah, 6n15 See also catenae; glosses and glossaries; scholia comparatio or synkresis, OT models for emperors in mode of, 180, 194 comparative religion, future studies in, 295-98
  70. Constantine I (emperor) Bulgarian use of OT models for the state and, 263-65, 267, 269 OT models for emperors, 13, 176, 178, 182-83, 187-90 passim, 193, 267, 291n21 sacred space in Byzantine architecture and, 226-27, 248
  71. Constantine V (emperor), 19-20, 187
  72. Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (emperor), 11, 22-25, 173, 191n56, 269, 273
  73. Constantine IX Monomachos (emperor), 249-50
  74. Constantine-Cyril (saint), 6n15, 28n116, 45 Constantinople Blues and Greens (charioteer teams), 178, 188
  75. Chora, Church of the (Kariye Camii, Istanbul), 31, 33, 36-38, 37, 113, 231, 232, 252
  76. Hagia Sophia (Great Church), 14, 229, 239-43, 240, 247-52, 261
  77. Jerusalem, identification with, 16-17 liturgical celebration of founding of, 68
  78. Nea Ekklesia, 22, 29, 249
  79. Persian/Avar attack on (626), failure of, 16-17 Pharos Church, 29, 31
  80. St. Polyeuktos, 14, 243-47, 244, 252 SS. Sergios and Bacchos, 245-47 as second Jerusalem, 14
  81. Sleepless Monks, Monastery of, 85n39
  82. Theotokos Evergetis, Monastery of the, 204 Virgin Hodegetria icon (destroyed in Ottoman conquest), 38
  83. See also Great Palace, Constantinople Constantius II (emperor), 191-92, 194
  84. Contra Apionem (Josephus), 154n2, 164n44
  85. Engberg, Sysse Gudrun, 62, 65, 72, 250-51 enkainia ceremony, 250-51 Enoch (OT figure), 161, 162, 216 Ephraem the Syrian, 77-78, 80, 83, 103n114 Epiphanios of Cyprus, 200, 217 Epiphanios of Salamis, 59n7, 154
  86. Epiphany, feast of, 64n25, 71 Epitome of Traianos, 159
  87. Erechtheus (Assyrian ruler named in John Malalas's chronicle), 167
  88. Ernik (son of Attila the Hun), 268
  89. Erotapokriseis (Anastasios of Sinai), 169 eschatology. See apocalyptic Esdras (biblical books), 270n61 Ethical Discourses (Symeon the New Theologian), 215-16
  90. Ethiopia, OT models for the state in, 274-76 Ethiopic (language), 108, 156, 186
  91. Eucharist, 62n18, 72, 155, 172, 230-31
  92. Eudokia (empress), 186
  93. Euripides (classical playwright), 171 Eusebios of Caesarea on canon, 154n2 Christian world chronicle and, 158, 159n24, 160, 164, 169
  94. on Cleopa, 273 emperors identified with OT models by, 13, 176, 182-87 passim, 193, 267
  95. Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem, description of, 233-34, 236-38 Martyrs of Palestine, 175
  96. Tyre, dedicatory speech at cathedral of, 226-27, 229, 248
  97. Eustathios of Epiphanaeia, 159, 166 Eustathios of Thessalonike, 9
  98. Eustratios (biographer of patriarch Eutychios), 15
  99. Euthymios (abbot; 11th century), 10
  100. Euthymios the patriarch (saint), 205, 260
  101. Eutychios (patriarch), 15
  102. Evagrios Pontikos (monk), 219-20
  103. Evagrios Scholastikos (ecclesiastical historian), 159, 185
  104. Evergetinon or Synagoge (Paul Evergetinos), 204-5 Excerpta barbari, 164n45, 166, 167, 168, 171 exemplum, OT models for emperors in Roman mode of, 177-81, 190, 192, 195, 197 index Jacob (OT patriarch), 31, 155, 206, 208, 209
  105. James, Protevangelium of, 10n31 James of Kokkinobaphos, 114
  106. James of Nisibis, 206
  107. Jeffreys, Elizabeth, 153, 303
  108. Jeremiah (biblical book), 10, 155n4
  109. Jerome (theologian and translator of Vulgate), 59n7, 156n10, 158, 186, 199
  110. Jerusalem Anastasis Church, Enkainia of, 235, 251 Constantinople identified with, 16-17 Gordon's Garden Tomb, 223
  111. Holy Sepulchre, 14, 233-39, 235, 250, 252
  112. Nea (basilica), 14, 247-48 omphalos (navel of the world), 238 OT relics, 238-39
  113. St. Sabas, Lavra of, 79
  114. Zacharias, altar with blood of, 238 See also Temple, Jerusalem Jerusalem, MS Taphou 53, 92n68
  115. Jewish Antiquities (Josephus), 126, 156, 157n13
  116. Jewish Wars (Josephus), 224n5
  117. Jews and Judaism, 39-54 Akylas (Aquila), Greek translation of OT by, 4, 44-48, 50-53 biblical story illustrations, elements from Jewish lore added to, 75-76n58
  118. Cairo Genizah manuscripts, 40, 45-46, 47, 48, 49
  119. Christian Bibles, influence of Jewish Greek OTs on, 52, 54
  120. in Eustratios's life of patriarch Eutychios, 15 forced conversions, imperial attempts at, 5, 6 glosses and glossaries, 46, 48-50, 51n27, 52, 53 haggadah, 75n56 iconoclasm and, 20 identification of Christian groups with Israel, 12-19 Islamic portrayals of Moses, sources for, 282-87, 293
  121. Justinian's Novel, legislation regarding Jews in, 5n7, 43, 44, 46
  122. Karaites and Rabbanites, 40
  123. Khazars, conversion to Judaism of, 16, 28n116, 45 languages used by, 40, 42-45, 50-51 manuscripts produced by, 39-40, 45-50 Masoretic text, 41, 46, 51 memorization of Greek OT text, 51, 53 midrash, 41-42, 44, 143, 284 index liturgy (continued) modeling of other celebrations after Pascha, 71-72 monastic, 199, 209, 215, 216-20 Octateuch containing rubrics for, 114 OT material in, 66n31
  124. Psalms/psalters, use of, 41, 81-82
  125. Russian, 271 two interlocking cycles of liturgical year, 66-67 See also lectionaries; Prophetologion, liturgical use of; specific feasts and liturgical periods, e.g., Lent Lives. See under specific person, e.g., Synkletike London, British Library (BL) Add. MS 19,352 (Theodore Psalter), 30, 93
  126. Add. MS 43725 (Codex Sinaiticus), 154 MS Cotton Otho B.VI (Cotton Genesis), 8, 144 MS Or. 480, 108n8 MS Royal I.D.v-viii (Codex Alexandri- nus), 108n4, 154, 218n72
  127. Louis II the Pious (king of the Franks), 270
  128. Louis VIII (king of France), 151
  129. Louis IX (St. Louis; king of France), 31, 34, 35, 36, 151
  130. Louis IX, Psalter of (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, MS lat. 10525), 34, 35
  131. Lowden, John, 34, 107, 304
  132. Ludwig, Claudia, 195
  133. Luke Chrysoberges (patriarch), 85
  134. Lüling, Gunther, 287
  135. Luther, Martin, 284
  136. Luxenberg, Christoph, 287 LXX. See Septuagint Macarian homilies, 200, 213-14
  137. Maccabees (biblical books), 154, 156
  138. Macedonian emperors, use of OT models by, 22-25, 38. See also specific Macedo- nian emperors
  139. Magdalino, Paul, 1, 304
  140. Magnaura, hall of the, Great Palace, Constantinople, Throne of Solomon in, 12, 22n87, 173, 191
  141. Magoi of Pharaoh, John Malalas's account of, 161, 165-69 Makarios of Alexandria, 200, 208, 213-14 Makarios of Corinth, 80n14 Makarios the Egyptian, 221
  142. Malachi (biblical book), 48
  143. Malalas. See John Malalas Manasses, chronicle of, 158 Mandylion of Edessa, 23, 25
  144. Manuel Holobolos, 26n105 manuscripts (specific) Athens, National Library of Greece, MS 3, 89, 90
  145. Athens, National Library of Greece, MS 15, 84n39
  146. Athos. See Athos manuscripts Baḥīrā speaking with Muḥammad, page from a dispersed Anbiyā'-nāma, 283-84, 286
  147. Barberini Euchologion (Vat. Lib. MS Barberini gr. 336), 190n55, 191
  148. Barberini Psalter (Vat. Barber. gr. 372), 95n78
  149. Basil II, Psalter of (Venice, Biblioteca Marciana, MS gr. 17), 82-83, 114
  150. BAV (Rome, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana). See Vatican Library Bessarion (Vat. Lib. MS Grottaferrata G.B.I), 190-91n55 BL. See London, British Library Bodleian Library. See Oxford, Bodleian Library Bologna, University Library, MS 3574, 47n18
  151. British Library. See London, British Library Cairo Genizah manuscripts, 40, 45-46, 47, 48, 49
  152. Cambridge, MA and UK. See entries at Cambridge Codex Alexandrinus (London, British Library, MS Royal I.D.v-viii), 108n4, 154, 218n72
  153. Codex Grandior (no longer extant), 108
  154. Codex Sinaiticus (London, British Library, Add. MS 43725), 154
  155. Codex Vaticanus (Vat. MS gr. 1209), 154
  156. Copenhagen, Royal Library, cod. GKS 6, 120 index Cotton Genesis (BL MS Cotton Otho B.VI), 8, 144
  157. Florence. See entries at Florence, Biblio- teca Medicea-Laurenziana Harvard Psalter (Cambridge, MA, Houghton Library, MS gr. 3), 95-96
  158. Heidelberg, cod. Palat. Gr. 356, 196
  159. Istanbul. See entries at Istanbul Izmir, Evangelical School, MS A.1. See Smyrna Octateuch Jerusalem, MS Taphou 53, 92n68
  160. Joshua Roll (Vat. Palat. gr. 431). See Joshua Roll Leo Bible (Vat. Reg. gr. 1), 35, 95n78
  161. Lesbos, Leimonos Monastery, MS 295, 84n39
  162. London, British Library. See London, British Library Louis IX, Psalter of (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, MS lat. 10525), 34, 35
  163. Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, MS + 24 sup., 84, 85, 86, 87
  164. Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, MS F, 52
  165. Morgan Library. See New York, Morgan Library Mt. Athos. See Athos manuscripts Mt. Sinai. See Sinai, Monastery of St. Catherine New York, Morgan Library, MS 350 (Morgan Picture Bible), 34
  166. New York, Morgan Library, MS 638, 34, 35, 36 NYPL. See New York Public Library Ohrid, Naroden muzej, MS gr. 20, 103-5
  167. Oxford. See Oxford, Bodleian Library Paris. See Paris, Bibliothèque nationale Paris Psalter (Paris Bibl. Nat. gr. 139). See Paris Psalter Patmos. See Patmos manuscripts Psalter of Basil II (Venice, Biblioteca Marciana, MS gr. 17), 82-83, 114
  168. Psalterium aureum Turicense (Zürich, Zentralbibliothek, RP 1), 89
  169. Psalter Vienna (Österreichische Nation- albibliothek, MS theol. gr. 177), 84n35
  170. Radomir Psalter, Athos, MS Zographou slav. I.Δ.13, 92n63
  171. Rome, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana. See Vatican Library St. Petersburg. See entries at St. Petersburg Sinai. See Sinai, Monastery of St. Catherine Smyrna Octateuch (Izmir, Evangelical School, MS A.1). See Smyrna Octateuch Spencer Psalter (New York, NYPL, MS Spencer gr. 1), 100n97
  172. Topkapı Octateuch (Istanbul, Topkapı Sarayı, MS gr. 8). See Topkapı Octateuch Turin, Biblioteca Reale, cod. Var. 484, 98, 99
  173. Turin, Biblioteca Universitaria, MS B.VII.30, 85n44
  174. Uspensky Psalter (St. Petersburg, National Library of Russia, MS gr. 216), 80n15, 100
  175. Vatican Library. See Vatican Library Vatopedi Octateuch (Athos MS Vato- pedi 602). See Vatopedi Octateuch Venice. See Venice, Biblioteca Marciana Washington DC, Dumbarton Oaks Museum, MS 3, 102-3
  176. Zürich, Zentralbibliothek, RP 1 (Psalterium aureum Turicense), 89 manuscripts (types and characteristics) Bibles moralisées, 34, 150-52 ekphonetic notation (neumes), 61 florilegia, 200
  177. Hexateuchs, 108n4, 108n6 hours, liturgy/books of, 84-85 Italian Giant Bibles of Romanesque period, 35-36
  178. Menaion, 65, 82
  179. Menologion, 10, 23, 24
  180. Oktoechos, 82
  181. Parakletike, 82, 104n116
  182. Pentecostarion, 65 quire divisions, 124
  183. Triodion, 65, 82 See also catenae; commentaries; glosses and glossaries; lectionaries; Octateuchs; Pentateuch; index manuscripts (types and characteristics) (continued) Prophetologion; Psalms/psalters; scholia; Septuagint; Torah Marcellinus, Letter to (Athanasios of Alexandria), 217-18
  184. Marcian (emperor), 13, 189
  185. Marcus Aurelius (emperor), 178
  186. Mark Eugenikos, 77-78 martyrion, use of, 235, 236-37 Martyrs of Palestine, 175
  187. Mary of Egypt, 98n93 Masoretic text, 41, 46, 51
  188. Maurianos (comes), 167n55
  189. Maurice (emperor), 178
  190. Mavropous, (John), 173
  191. Maxentius (rival of Constantine I), 182, 183, 187 Maximos the Confessor, (saint), 6, 204, 214-15 McAuliffe, Jane Dammen, 279, 304
  192. Melchisedek (OT figure), imperial identifi- cation with, 29, 173, 193
  193. Melito of Sardis, 59n7, 154
  194. Menaion, 65, 82
  195. Menologion, 10, 23, 24 Menologion of Basil II, 23, 24
  196. Methodios (saint and apostle to the Slavs), 259-61
  197. Michael VIII (emperor), 38
  198. Michael Maleinos, 209
  199. Michael Stoudites (abbot), 93 midrash, 41-42, 44, 143, 284
  200. Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana MS + 24 sup., 84, 85, 86, 87
  201. MS F, 52
  202. Milan, Edict of, 227 millennialism. See apocalyptic Miller, James, 55, 304
  203. Milner, Christine 246
  204. Milvian Bridge, battle of, 182, 183, 187, 291n21 Miracles of St. Demetrios, 19 Mirrors of Princes, 192-93
  205. Mishnah, 41 monasticism and the OT in Byzantium, 7, 199-221 belt or cincture, 212 canonical texts, 200, 203, 205, 211, 220-21 discipline, OT models for, 210-12 foundational monastic writings, 200, 201-6 hagiographical literature, 206-10 liturgies, 199, 209, 215, 216-20 psalmody as part of ascetic life, 77-81, 200, 217-19 (See also Psalms/psalters)
  206. singing psalms, monastic disapproval of, 84 spiritual exegesis and allegory, 213-16
  207. Monophysites, 18, 168
  208. Morgan Library. See New York, Morgan Library Moses (OT patriarch) Bulgaria, OT models for the king in, 266n48, 267-68
  209. in Byzantine dating structure, 163 Covenant with, 155 emperors associated with, 13, 173, 176, 182-84, 190, 195, 196
  210. John Malalas, cited as source by, 161-61 as monastic model, 205, 206, 207, 208, 211, 213-15
  211. Plato's temporal relationship to, 164
  212. See also Islam, Moses in; rod of Moses Mother of God Petritzonitissa, Monastery of, at Bačkovo, 219
  213. Mt. Athos manuscripts. See Athos manuscripts Mt. Nebo, Chapel of the Theotokos, 230, 230-31 Mt. Sinai manuscripts. See Sinai, Monastery of St. Catherine Muḥammad and Moses, as prophets, 281, 288, 289. See also Islam, Moses in Muḥammad b. Isḥāq, 283n6
  214. Al-Mundhir, 171
  215. Muslims. See entries at Islam navel of the world (omphalos), 238
  216. Nea (basilica, church of the Theotokos, Jerusalem), 14, 247-48
  217. Nea Ekklesia, Constantinople, 22, 29, 249
  218. Nea Mone, Chios, mosaic of the Anastasis, 248-50, 250
  219. Nebuchadnezzar (Babylonian ruler), 156, 192, 256
  220. index Orpheus (as source for John Malalas), 162, 171 orthodoxy, Byzantine sense of, 28-29
  221. Ousterhout, Robert, 223, 304
  222. Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Auct. D.4.1, 92n67 MS Auct. T.4.4, 79n7 MS Barocci 15, 95 MS Barocci 182, 161n34 MS Holkham gr. 1, 92n66 MS Laud. gr. 2, 92n66 MS Opp. Add., 47n18
  223. Oxford, David Cycle of mural (?) paintings in, 24
  224. Pachomios (monastic founder), 210
  225. Palaea chronographica/Palaea interpretata, 259, 261-62
  226. Palaia, 75n56, 157n13, 157n15, 169n64 Palaiologan emperors, preference for NT models, 38. See also specific Palaiologan emperors Palestine, as Christian holy land, 13-14. See also Jerusalem palimpsests, 45-46, 48, 53
  227. Palladios, 84n36
  228. Pambo (abba), 208 panegyrics, OT models for emperors in, 193-96 Panofsky, Erwin, 228
  229. Pantinos (saint), 10
  230. Parakletike, 82, 104n116
  231. Parimijnik (Slavic Prophetologion), 64
  232. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale MS Abbadie 22, 108n8 MS éthiop. 3, 108n8 MS gr. 13, 82n24 MS gr. 139. See Paris Psalter MS gr. 164, 88n47 MS gr. 169, 93, 94 MS gr. 331, 84n38, 91n61 MS gr. 510 (homilies of Gregory of Nazianzos), 22
  233. Muḥammad leads Abraham, Moses, and Jesus in prayer, Iran, manuscript, 295, 296 Paris, Ste. Chapelle, 31-34, 32, 36 Parisian bibles of thirteenth century, 36
  234. Paris Psalter (Paris Bibl. Nat. gr. 139) commentary in, 82 emperors, OT models for, 23-24 Exaltation of David (fol. 7v), 24, 35, frontispiece ideological significance of, 7 ownership of, 114
  235. Paroimiai, 259, 261, 271-72n66. See also Prophetologion Parpulov, Georgi R., 77, 304
  236. Pascha (Easter), 63n19, 64n25, 66-67, 71-72, 160 Patmos manuscripts hours, books of, 84-85 MS Patm. 31, 28n116 MS Patm. 65, 83n29 MS Patm. 66, 83n29 MS Patm. 159, 83n29 psalters, 83
  237. Patria Constantinopoleos, 269
  238. Paul Evergetinos, 204-5, 208 Paul the Silentiary, 229, 239
  239. Paulinus (author of Vita Ambrosii), 181n18
  240. Paulinus (bishop of Tyre), 226, 229, 248 Pelagius and John (Latin translators of Apophthegmata Patrum), 204
  241. Pentateuch Jewish manuscripts of, 45, 50, 53 law codes, Byzantine, influence on, 21
  242. Octateuch, relationship to, 107 texts of, 107 See also Deuteronomy; Exodus; Genesis; Leviticus; Numbers; Torah Pentecostarion, 65 periousios laos, as name for imperial army, 25, 29
  243. Persia, Byzantine conflict with Antioch, siege of, 14, 171-72
  244. Avars, Persian alliance with, 15-19, 27, 173, 194-95
  245. Heraklios, use of OT models for, 194-95 history of Persian empire, OT contribu- tion to Byzantine understanding of, 155-56, 182 identification of Christian Byzantium with Israel and, 14, 15, 173
  246. index Persia, Byzantine conflict with (continued) Jewish response to, 5
  247. John Malalas's account of Sennacherib as typology for, 171-72
  248. Peter, Acts of, 157n15 Peter of Argos (saint), 25n102
  249. Peter Damaskenos, 83, 89, 91n56, 100n96
  250. Peter Deljan, 258
  251. Peter the Iberian, Life of, 207 Peter the Venerable, 284
  252. Petissonius (pharaoh named in John Malalas's chronicle), 167
  253. Petritzonitissa Monastery, Bačkovo, 219
  254. Phalek (OT patriarch), 161, 163, 164 Pharaoh (OT figure) imperial ideology, negative OT model for, 176, 182-88 passim, 192, 195
  255. Joseph in prison with Pharaoh's butler and baker, in Octateuch illustrations, 145, 146-48
  256. Magoi of Pharaoh, John Malalas's account of, 161, 165-69
  257. Petissonius (pharaoh named in John Malalas's chronicle), 167
  258. Pharos Church, Great Palace, Constanti- nople, 29, 31
  259. Philemon (Egyptian abba), 80
  260. Philip of Macedon, 164
  261. Philokalia, 80n14, 83n33-34, 91n56, 91n58, 213 Philokrates, 111 Philo of Alexandria, 155n6, 179
  262. Philotheos (author of ceremonial treatise), 10
  263. Philotheos Kokkinos (patriarch), 79, 80, 85, 101 Phokas (emperor), 181
  264. Photios (patriarch) Amphilochia of, 6n20, 169 Bible as a whole, knowledge and use of, 56n2 on Hesychios Illoustrios, 159n22 identification of Christian Byzantium with Israel, 21-22
  265. on Jews, 6 on language of Septuagint, 11n39
  266. Nomos Mosaikos, 20
  267. Octateuchs and, 107n1, 108n5, 141 on Pharos Church paintings, 31
  268. Picus Zeus, 164, 165, 167n55 pignora imperii, 12-13, 173, 194, 267 Pilgrim of Bordeaux, 238
  269. Pirke (Rabbi Eliezer), 143 piyyutim, 42
  270. Plato, temporal relationship to Moses, 164
  271. Platonism, typos in, 179 Pliny the Elder, 167
  272. Plukhanova, Maria, 258 Poemen (abba), 204 Polish identification with new Israel, 276n80 politics and the state Caucasus, OT models for states of, 272-74 Ethiopia, OT models for the state in, 274-76 Mirrors of Princes, 192-93 theocracy, Byzantine sense of, 28-29 See also Bulgaria, OT models for the state in; emperors, OT models for Prefect, Book of the, 10, 21
  273. Presanctified Gifts, Mass of, 217 Presentation of the Virgin in the Temple, architectural setting for, 231-32, 232 private devotion and the psalter. See Psalms/psalters Procheiros nomos, 21 prokeimenon, 60n9, 69, 70 Prokopios of Gaza emperors, OT models for, 172, 179n13, 185, 194
  274. Octateuchs, 107, 110n15 on sacred space in Byzantine architec- ture, 229, 239-41, 245, 248n94 prophecy, Jewish and Christian interpreta- tion of, 10n27 prophet Moses and prophet Muḥammad, 281, 288, 289. See also Islam, Moses in Prophetologion, 55-76 Bible and OT, entire, lack of, 55-59 in Bulgaria, 259, 260, 261, 271-72n66 canon of OT and, 59, 66n29, 67-68, 73 contents of, 66, 72-73 as counterpart to modern OT in Byzantium, 59-60, 72-76 defined and described, 60
  275. index Theotokos, Chapel of the, Mt. Nebo, 230, 230-31 Tyre, dedicatory speech of Eusebios at cathedral of, 226-27, 229 "Sailing to Byzantium" (W. B. Yeats), 253n114
  276. St. Catherine, Monastery of, Sinai. See Sinai, Monastery of St. Catherine Ste. Chapelle, Paris, 31-34, 32, 36
  277. St. John the Forerunner of Phoberos, Monastery of, 212
  278. St. Neophytos, Monastery of, Cyprus, 205
  279. St. Petersburg, National Library of Russia MS gr. 216 (Uspensky Psalter), 80n15, 100 MS gr. 229, 82n24 MS gr. 266, 92n68 MS gr. 269, 35n137
  280. St. Polyeuktos, Constantinople, 14, 243-47, 244, 252
  281. St. Sabas, Lavra of, Jerusalem, 79 SS. Sergios and Bacchos, Constantinople, 245-47
  282. Saller, Sylvester, 230
  283. Samuel (Bulgarian tsar), 258
  284. 1 and 2 Samuel (biblical books) in 6-book division of OT, 108n4
  285. Bulgaria, OT models for the state in, 256, 265, 266, 269, 270 monastic models drawn from, 202, 204
  286. Vat. gr. 333 containing 1-2 Kings and, 120
  287. San Marco, Venice, Cotton Genesis copied in mosaics of, 144
  288. San Vitale, Ravenna, OT narrative mosaics of, 155n7
  289. Schechter, Solomon, 40
  290. Scheja, Georg, 242 scholia, 48-49, 53, 82. See also catenae; commentaries; glosses and glossaries Scripture. See Bible Selection, 20
  291. Seleucia Pieria, near Antioch, stone sculp- ture from (Princeton, University Art Museum), 144-45, 146
  292. Sennacherib (Assyrian ruler), in chronicle of John Malalas, 161, 170-72
  293. Septuagint (LXX) Byzantine familiarity with texts of, 9, 26 catena manuscripts, copies of, 119-20 critical editions of, 61 Ecclesiastes text compared with Cairo Genizah fragment, 47
  294. Jewish community and, 4, 44, 154
  295. Octateuch illustrations, as underlying source for, 130-31, 137 OT in Byzantium represented by, 154 Prophetologion and, 60-61, 63, 64n23 quire divisions in, 124 Temple called skene tou martyriou in, 237 "The Temple of the Lord" as term, use of, 10, 11
  296. Verzeichnis (Rahlfs) listing of extant mss., 57-58n3
  297. Seraglio Octateuch. See Topkapı Octateuch Serapion (abba) and the prostitute, 88 Serbian identification with new Israel, 276n80 Sergios the Deacon, 25-26n105 serpent in garden of Eden, Octateuch representations of, 125-26, 128, 129, 143
  298. Severus of Antioch (patriarch), 160n28
  299. Sextus Julius Africanus. See Julius Africanus Shahîd, Irfan, 247-48
  300. Sheba, Queen of, 274-75, 284
  301. Shu'ayb (Arab prophet), 289
  302. Simon Magus, 157, 167
  303. Sinai, Monastery of St. Catherine MS gr. 30, 101-2 MS gr. 40, 91n62 MS gr. 550, 82n24 MS gr. 869, 84n39 MS gr. 1186, 139, 141 MS gr. 2123, 93n69 MS gr. 2132, 92n65
  304. Sinaiticus codex (London, British Library, Add. MS 43725), 154
  305. singing psalms, monastic disapproval of, 84
  306. Sirach (Ecclesiasticus; biblical book), 156, 200 Sisyphos of Kos, 170n66, 171
  307. Skoutariotes, chronicle of, 158
  308. Slavonic (language) John Malalas's chronicle translated into, 169, 171n72
  309. Palaia, 157n13
  310. Parimijnik (Slavic Prophetologion), 64 psalter translated into, 92, 260 translations of Bible into, 64, 259-61
  311. Yeats, W. B., "Sailing to Byzantium," 253n114
  312. Zacharias, altar with blood of, 238
  313. Zechariah (biblical book), 16, 270n61 Zeno (emperor), 167n55
  314. Zephaniah (biblical book), 236-37
  315. Zerubbabel, Temple of, 224, 226
  316. Zonaras, chronicle of, 125-26, 158
  317. Zuntz, Günther, 55-57, 61-64, 74
  318. Zürich, Zentralbibliothek, RP 1 (Psalterium aureum Turicense), 89