New Temples and New Solomons: The Rhetoric of Byzantine Architecture (original) (raw)
Abstract
AI
The paper examines the influence of Christian interpretations on the perception and representation of the Temple of Solomon in Byzantine architecture. It discusses the theological implications of reconstructing sacred spaces while acknowledging the multifaceted meanings attributed to various temples in Biblical texts. The challenges facing Byzantine architects in symbolizing the sanctity of these spaces without contradicting Christian doctrine are analyzed, emphasizing how such architectural endeavors were embedded in a rich allegorical context.
Figures (8)
A few unusual examples move from the loosely applied textual metaphor to the more specifically identified architectural symbol. The sixth-century Cha- pel of the Theotokos on Mt. Nebo offers a unique example in which the asso- ciation with the Temple is visually manifest. Between the chancel barrier and the altar, a schematic representation of the Temple appears in the floor mosaic Fig. 3). A fire burns before the Temple, and the building is flanked by two bulls, whose presence is explained by the inscription, from Psalm 51 (50): “They shall lay calves upon thy altar.” Here the phrase identifies the bulls as sacrificial, and, is Sylvester Saller noted, the verse was repeated in the early Jerusalem liturgy when the offerings were placed upon the altar.”* In the Mt. Nebo inscription, the Temple is invoked in a fairly specific way, but its parts have been conflated: the altar of sacrifice and the Holy of Holies merge, for in Christian terms the Eucharist represents both the sacrifice and the divine presence. In the end, the
platform—following both the unit of measure and the measurements given in Ezekiel 42:2-3. Harrison estimates the sanctuary of the church to have been 20 royal cubits square internally, the exact measurement of the Holy of Holies, as given in Ezekiel 41:4. Similarly, the ostentatious decoration compares with that described in the Temple; if we let peacocks stand in for cherubim, as Harrison suggests, cherubim alternate with palm trees, bands of ornamental network, fes- toons of chainwork, pomegranates, network on the capitals, and capitals shaped like lilies (Fig. 7). FS Oe RS OS ee ee: cc: ns scans ee:
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References (318)
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- Young, "Martyrdom" (n. 34 above) esp. 71, makes an important association of the early Christian and contemporaneous Judaic concept of martyrdom (martyria) with the Temple sacrifice.
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- Breviarius, 2; trans. Wilkinson, Jerusalem Pilgrims, 59. politan Kontakion," BMGS 12 (1988): 137-49.
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- A. M. Schneider, "Die Kuppelmosaiken der Hagia Sophia zu Konstantinopel," Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, I Philologisch-Historische Klasse 13 (1949): 345- 55, esp. 352-53;
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- J. Z. Smith, To Take Place: Toward Theory in Ritual (Chicago, 1987), 8.
- See most recently J. Wortley, "Relics and the Great Church," BZ 99 (2006): 631-47, who sug- gests that the lack of corporeal relics at Hagia Sophia might reflect the building's association with the Temple.
- G. Majeska, Russian Travelers to Constantinople in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries, DOS 10 (Washington, DC, 1984), 199.
- Robert of Clari, La conquête de Constantinople, ed. A. Pauphilet, Historiens et chroniqueurs du moyen âge (Paris, 1952), 84.
- Smith, To Take Place.
- G. Majeska, "St. Sophia: The Relics," DOP 27 (1973): 71-87;
- Dagron, Constantinople imagi- naire (n. 11 above), 301-3; Wortley, "Relics."
- R. M. Harrison, Excavations at the Saraçhane in Istanbul (Princeton, 1986), vol. 1, esp. 410- 11; idem, A Temple for Byzantium (Austin, 1989); idem, "The Church of St. Polyeuktos in Istanbul and the Temple of Solomon," Okeanos: Essays Presented to Ihor Ševčenko on His Sixtieth Birthday by His Colleagues and Students, ed. C. Mango, O. Pritsak, and U. Pasicznyk (Cambridge, MA, 1984): 276-79.
- Ed. Preger, Scriptores originum Constantinopolitanarum, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1901), 1:105; Dag- ron, Constantinople imaginaire, 303-9;
- Harrison, "Church of St. Polyeuktos," 276-79.
- Prokopios, Buildings, 1.1.61-62.
- J. Bardill, Brickstamps of Constantinople, 2 vols. (Oxford, 2004), 1:62-64 and 111-16; see also review by Robert Ousterhout in BZ 98 (2005): 575-77; and J.-P. Sodini, "Remarques sur les briques timbrées de Constantinople," REB 63 (2005): 225-32, esp. 226-28.
- J. Bardill, "A New Temple for Byzantium: Anicia Juliana, King Solomon, and the Gilded Ceiling of the Church of St. Polyeuktos in Constantinople," in Social and Political Life in Late Antiquity, ed. W. Bowden, A. Gutteridge, and C. Machado (Leiden, 2006), 339-70, with a thor- ough bibliography; note esp. 339-40.
- Perspectives," in Byzantium State and Society: In Memory of Nikos Oikonomides (Athens, 2003), 465-80, esp. 476-80.
- Croke, "Justinian, Theodora."
- Ed. I. Bekker, Annales (Bonn, 1836), 498; as noted by P. Magdalino, "Observations on the Nea Ekklesia of Basil I," JÖB 37 (1987): 58, n. 42; Patria Konstantinoupoleos, 2.40; ed. Preger, 171; discussed by Dagron, Constantinople imaginaire (n. 11 above), 138, 268. The statue was later trans- ferred to the substructures of the Nea, discussed below.
- Dagron, Constantinople imaginaire, 138.
- R. M. Harrison, "From Jerusalem and Back Again: The Fate of the Treasures of Solomon," in Churches Built in Ancient Times: Recent Studies in Early Christian Archaeology, ed. K. Painter (London, 1994), 239-48;
- J. Taylor, "The Nea Church: Were the Temple Treasures Hidden Here?" Biblical Archaeology Review (Jan.-Feb. 2008), 50-60. I thank Prof. Shahîd for generously sharing his ideas with me.
- S. Tougher, "The Wisdom of Leo VI," in New Constantines: The Rhythm of Imperial Renewal in Byzantium, 4th-13th Centuries, ed. P. Magdalino (Aldershot, 1994), 171-79.
- Leo the Grammarian, ed. Bekker (n. 91 above), 257-58;
- Dagron, Constantinople imaginaire (n. 11 above), 269, 309.
- Ibid., 269; but see Tougher, "Wisdom," 174-75.
- As Magdalino, "Observations on the Nea" (n. 91 above), 58, suggests.
- Discussed by Tougher, "Wisdom," 174; see I. Ševčenko, "The Greek Source of the Inscrip- tion on Solomon's Chalice in the Vita Constantini," in To Honor Roman Jakobson: Essays on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday, 11 October 1966 (The Hague, 1967), 3:1806-17;
- A. A. Vasiliev, "Harun-Ibn-Yahya and His Description of Constantinople," Seminarum Kondakovum 5 (1932): 477-87.
- D. Mouriki, The Mosaics of Nea Moni on Chios, 2 vols. (Athens, 1985), 1:137;
- R. Ousterhout, "Originality in Byzantine Architecture: The Case of Nea Moni," JSAH 51 (1992): 48-60, esp. 59. index (Kariye Camii, Istanbul), 31, 33, 36-38, 37, 113, 231, 232, 252 chosen people. See new Israel, identification of Christian Byzantium as Chosroes (Persian ruler), 183 Christianization of Old Testament in Byzantium, 3-4, 8
- Christian sources for Islamic portrayals of Moses, 282-87, 293
- Christian Topography (attrib. Kosmas Indikopleustes), 14, 131, 133-41, 143, 169 Christian world chronicle defined, 157-58 development of, 157-61 OT sources, complex relationship to, 153-54 See also John Malalas Christmas, feast of, 64n25, 71 1 and 2 Chronicles (biblical books), 108n4, 224n5, 270
- Chronicon Paschale, 153n, 158, 160, 163n39, 171n70, 186-87
- Chronograph (Archival Chronicle), 259-60 church architecture. See sacred space in Byzantine architecture Church History (Eusebios). See Eusebios of Caesarea Cleopa (brother of Joseph the husband of the Virgin Mary), 273
- Codex Alexandrinus (London, British Library, MS Royal I.D.v-viii), 108n4, 154, 218n72
- Codex Amiatinus (Florence, Biblioteca Medicea-Laurenziana [Laur.], siglum A), 108-9
- Codex Grandior (no longer extant), 108
- Codex Sinaiticus (London, British Library, Add. MS 43725), 154
- Codex Vaticanus (Vat. MS gr. 1209), 154 coins and coinage Bar Kochba coinage, Temple images on, 237 Rex regnantium coins of Justinian II, 18, 29
- Cometopouloi, 258, 266 commentaries Jewish, 42, 48-49 psalters with and without, 82-83 of St. Basil on Isaiah, 6n15 See also catenae; glosses and glossaries; scholia comparatio or synkresis, OT models for emperors in mode of, 180, 194 comparative religion, future studies in, 295-98
- Constantine I (emperor) Bulgarian use of OT models for the state and, 263-65, 267, 269 OT models for emperors, 13, 176, 178, 182-83, 187-90 passim, 193, 267, 291n21 sacred space in Byzantine architecture and, 226-27, 248
- Constantine V (emperor), 19-20, 187
- Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (emperor), 11, 22-25, 173, 191n56, 269, 273
- Constantine IX Monomachos (emperor), 249-50
- Constantine-Cyril (saint), 6n15, 28n116, 45 Constantinople Blues and Greens (charioteer teams), 178, 188
- Chora, Church of the (Kariye Camii, Istanbul), 31, 33, 36-38, 37, 113, 231, 232, 252
- Hagia Sophia (Great Church), 14, 229, 239-43, 240, 247-52, 261
- Jerusalem, identification with, 16-17 liturgical celebration of founding of, 68
- Nea Ekklesia, 22, 29, 249
- Persian/Avar attack on (626), failure of, 16-17 Pharos Church, 29, 31
- St. Polyeuktos, 14, 243-47, 244, 252 SS. Sergios and Bacchos, 245-47 as second Jerusalem, 14
- Sleepless Monks, Monastery of, 85n39
- Theotokos Evergetis, Monastery of the, 204 Virgin Hodegetria icon (destroyed in Ottoman conquest), 38
- See also Great Palace, Constantinople Constantius II (emperor), 191-92, 194
- Contra Apionem (Josephus), 154n2, 164n44
- Engberg, Sysse Gudrun, 62, 65, 72, 250-51 enkainia ceremony, 250-51 Enoch (OT figure), 161, 162, 216 Ephraem the Syrian, 77-78, 80, 83, 103n114 Epiphanios of Cyprus, 200, 217 Epiphanios of Salamis, 59n7, 154
- Epiphany, feast of, 64n25, 71 Epitome of Traianos, 159
- Erechtheus (Assyrian ruler named in John Malalas's chronicle), 167
- Ernik (son of Attila the Hun), 268
- Erotapokriseis (Anastasios of Sinai), 169 eschatology. See apocalyptic Esdras (biblical books), 270n61 Ethical Discourses (Symeon the New Theologian), 215-16
- Ethiopia, OT models for the state in, 274-76 Ethiopic (language), 108, 156, 186
- Eucharist, 62n18, 72, 155, 172, 230-31
- Eudokia (empress), 186
- Euripides (classical playwright), 171 Eusebios of Caesarea on canon, 154n2 Christian world chronicle and, 158, 159n24, 160, 164, 169
- on Cleopa, 273 emperors identified with OT models by, 13, 176, 182-87 passim, 193, 267
- Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem, description of, 233-34, 236-38 Martyrs of Palestine, 175
- Tyre, dedicatory speech at cathedral of, 226-27, 229, 248
- Eustathios of Epiphanaeia, 159, 166 Eustathios of Thessalonike, 9
- Eustratios (biographer of patriarch Eutychios), 15
- Euthymios (abbot; 11th century), 10
- Euthymios the patriarch (saint), 205, 260
- Eutychios (patriarch), 15
- Evagrios Pontikos (monk), 219-20
- Evagrios Scholastikos (ecclesiastical historian), 159, 185
- Evergetinon or Synagoge (Paul Evergetinos), 204-5 Excerpta barbari, 164n45, 166, 167, 168, 171 exemplum, OT models for emperors in Roman mode of, 177-81, 190, 192, 195, 197 index Jacob (OT patriarch), 31, 155, 206, 208, 209
- James, Protevangelium of, 10n31 James of Kokkinobaphos, 114
- James of Nisibis, 206
- Jeffreys, Elizabeth, 153, 303
- Jeremiah (biblical book), 10, 155n4
- Jerome (theologian and translator of Vulgate), 59n7, 156n10, 158, 186, 199
- Jerusalem Anastasis Church, Enkainia of, 235, 251 Constantinople identified with, 16-17 Gordon's Garden Tomb, 223
- Holy Sepulchre, 14, 233-39, 235, 250, 252
- Nea (basilica), 14, 247-48 omphalos (navel of the world), 238 OT relics, 238-39
- St. Sabas, Lavra of, 79
- Zacharias, altar with blood of, 238 See also Temple, Jerusalem Jerusalem, MS Taphou 53, 92n68
- Jewish Antiquities (Josephus), 126, 156, 157n13
- Jewish Wars (Josephus), 224n5
- Jews and Judaism, 39-54 Akylas (Aquila), Greek translation of OT by, 4, 44-48, 50-53 biblical story illustrations, elements from Jewish lore added to, 75-76n58
- Cairo Genizah manuscripts, 40, 45-46, 47, 48, 49
- Christian Bibles, influence of Jewish Greek OTs on, 52, 54
- in Eustratios's life of patriarch Eutychios, 15 forced conversions, imperial attempts at, 5, 6 glosses and glossaries, 46, 48-50, 51n27, 52, 53 haggadah, 75n56 iconoclasm and, 20 identification of Christian groups with Israel, 12-19 Islamic portrayals of Moses, sources for, 282-87, 293
- Justinian's Novel, legislation regarding Jews in, 5n7, 43, 44, 46
- Karaites and Rabbanites, 40
- Khazars, conversion to Judaism of, 16, 28n116, 45 languages used by, 40, 42-45, 50-51 manuscripts produced by, 39-40, 45-50 Masoretic text, 41, 46, 51 memorization of Greek OT text, 51, 53 midrash, 41-42, 44, 143, 284 index liturgy (continued) modeling of other celebrations after Pascha, 71-72 monastic, 199, 209, 215, 216-20 Octateuch containing rubrics for, 114 OT material in, 66n31
- Psalms/psalters, use of, 41, 81-82
- Russian, 271 two interlocking cycles of liturgical year, 66-67 See also lectionaries; Prophetologion, liturgical use of; specific feasts and liturgical periods, e.g., Lent Lives. See under specific person, e.g., Synkletike London, British Library (BL) Add. MS 19,352 (Theodore Psalter), 30, 93
- Add. MS 43725 (Codex Sinaiticus), 154 MS Cotton Otho B.VI (Cotton Genesis), 8, 144 MS Or. 480, 108n8 MS Royal I.D.v-viii (Codex Alexandri- nus), 108n4, 154, 218n72
- Louis II the Pious (king of the Franks), 270
- Louis VIII (king of France), 151
- Louis IX (St. Louis; king of France), 31, 34, 35, 36, 151
- Louis IX, Psalter of (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, MS lat. 10525), 34, 35
- Lowden, John, 34, 107, 304
- Ludwig, Claudia, 195
- Luke Chrysoberges (patriarch), 85
- Lüling, Gunther, 287
- Luther, Martin, 284
- Luxenberg, Christoph, 287 LXX. See Septuagint Macarian homilies, 200, 213-14
- Maccabees (biblical books), 154, 156
- Macedonian emperors, use of OT models by, 22-25, 38. See also specific Macedo- nian emperors
- Magdalino, Paul, 1, 304
- Magnaura, hall of the, Great Palace, Constantinople, Throne of Solomon in, 12, 22n87, 173, 191
- Magoi of Pharaoh, John Malalas's account of, 161, 165-69 Makarios of Alexandria, 200, 208, 213-14 Makarios of Corinth, 80n14 Makarios the Egyptian, 221
- Malachi (biblical book), 48
- Malalas. See John Malalas Manasses, chronicle of, 158 Mandylion of Edessa, 23, 25
- Manuel Holobolos, 26n105 manuscripts (specific) Athens, National Library of Greece, MS 3, 89, 90
- Athens, National Library of Greece, MS 15, 84n39
- Athos. See Athos manuscripts Baḥīrā speaking with Muḥammad, page from a dispersed Anbiyā'-nāma, 283-84, 286
- Barberini Euchologion (Vat. Lib. MS Barberini gr. 336), 190n55, 191
- Barberini Psalter (Vat. Barber. gr. 372), 95n78
- Basil II, Psalter of (Venice, Biblioteca Marciana, MS gr. 17), 82-83, 114
- BAV (Rome, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana). See Vatican Library Bessarion (Vat. Lib. MS Grottaferrata G.B.I), 190-91n55 BL. See London, British Library Bodleian Library. See Oxford, Bodleian Library Bologna, University Library, MS 3574, 47n18
- British Library. See London, British Library Cairo Genizah manuscripts, 40, 45-46, 47, 48, 49
- Cambridge, MA and UK. See entries at Cambridge Codex Alexandrinus (London, British Library, MS Royal I.D.v-viii), 108n4, 154, 218n72
- Codex Grandior (no longer extant), 108
- Codex Sinaiticus (London, British Library, Add. MS 43725), 154
- Codex Vaticanus (Vat. MS gr. 1209), 154
- Copenhagen, Royal Library, cod. GKS 6, 120 index Cotton Genesis (BL MS Cotton Otho B.VI), 8, 144
- Florence. See entries at Florence, Biblio- teca Medicea-Laurenziana Harvard Psalter (Cambridge, MA, Houghton Library, MS gr. 3), 95-96
- Heidelberg, cod. Palat. Gr. 356, 196
- Istanbul. See entries at Istanbul Izmir, Evangelical School, MS A.1. See Smyrna Octateuch Jerusalem, MS Taphou 53, 92n68
- Joshua Roll (Vat. Palat. gr. 431). See Joshua Roll Leo Bible (Vat. Reg. gr. 1), 35, 95n78
- Lesbos, Leimonos Monastery, MS 295, 84n39
- London, British Library. See London, British Library Louis IX, Psalter of (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, MS lat. 10525), 34, 35
- Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, MS + 24 sup., 84, 85, 86, 87
- Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, MS F, 52
- Morgan Library. See New York, Morgan Library Mt. Athos. See Athos manuscripts Mt. Sinai. See Sinai, Monastery of St. Catherine New York, Morgan Library, MS 350 (Morgan Picture Bible), 34
- New York, Morgan Library, MS 638, 34, 35, 36 NYPL. See New York Public Library Ohrid, Naroden muzej, MS gr. 20, 103-5
- Oxford. See Oxford, Bodleian Library Paris. See Paris, Bibliothèque nationale Paris Psalter (Paris Bibl. Nat. gr. 139). See Paris Psalter Patmos. See Patmos manuscripts Psalter of Basil II (Venice, Biblioteca Marciana, MS gr. 17), 82-83, 114
- Psalterium aureum Turicense (Zürich, Zentralbibliothek, RP 1), 89
- Psalter Vienna (Österreichische Nation- albibliothek, MS theol. gr. 177), 84n35
- Radomir Psalter, Athos, MS Zographou slav. I.Δ.13, 92n63
- Rome, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana. See Vatican Library St. Petersburg. See entries at St. Petersburg Sinai. See Sinai, Monastery of St. Catherine Smyrna Octateuch (Izmir, Evangelical School, MS A.1). See Smyrna Octateuch Spencer Psalter (New York, NYPL, MS Spencer gr. 1), 100n97
- Topkapı Octateuch (Istanbul, Topkapı Sarayı, MS gr. 8). See Topkapı Octateuch Turin, Biblioteca Reale, cod. Var. 484, 98, 99
- Turin, Biblioteca Universitaria, MS B.VII.30, 85n44
- Uspensky Psalter (St. Petersburg, National Library of Russia, MS gr. 216), 80n15, 100
- Vatican Library. See Vatican Library Vatopedi Octateuch (Athos MS Vato- pedi 602). See Vatopedi Octateuch Venice. See Venice, Biblioteca Marciana Washington DC, Dumbarton Oaks Museum, MS 3, 102-3
- Zürich, Zentralbibliothek, RP 1 (Psalterium aureum Turicense), 89 manuscripts (types and characteristics) Bibles moralisées, 34, 150-52 ekphonetic notation (neumes), 61 florilegia, 200
- Hexateuchs, 108n4, 108n6 hours, liturgy/books of, 84-85 Italian Giant Bibles of Romanesque period, 35-36
- Menaion, 65, 82
- Menologion, 10, 23, 24
- Oktoechos, 82
- Parakletike, 82, 104n116
- Pentecostarion, 65 quire divisions, 124
- Triodion, 65, 82 See also catenae; commentaries; glosses and glossaries; lectionaries; Octateuchs; Pentateuch; index manuscripts (types and characteristics) (continued) Prophetologion; Psalms/psalters; scholia; Septuagint; Torah Marcellinus, Letter to (Athanasios of Alexandria), 217-18
- Marcian (emperor), 13, 189
- Marcus Aurelius (emperor), 178
- Mark Eugenikos, 77-78 martyrion, use of, 235, 236-37 Martyrs of Palestine, 175
- Mary of Egypt, 98n93 Masoretic text, 41, 46, 51
- Maurianos (comes), 167n55
- Maurice (emperor), 178
- Mavropous, (John), 173
- Maxentius (rival of Constantine I), 182, 183, 187 Maximos the Confessor, (saint), 6, 204, 214-15 McAuliffe, Jane Dammen, 279, 304
- Melchisedek (OT figure), imperial identifi- cation with, 29, 173, 193
- Melito of Sardis, 59n7, 154
- Menaion, 65, 82
- Menologion, 10, 23, 24 Menologion of Basil II, 23, 24
- Methodios (saint and apostle to the Slavs), 259-61
- Michael VIII (emperor), 38
- Michael Maleinos, 209
- Michael Stoudites (abbot), 93 midrash, 41-42, 44, 143, 284
- Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana MS + 24 sup., 84, 85, 86, 87
- MS F, 52
- Milan, Edict of, 227 millennialism. See apocalyptic Miller, James, 55, 304
- Milner, Christine 246
- Milvian Bridge, battle of, 182, 183, 187, 291n21 Miracles of St. Demetrios, 19 Mirrors of Princes, 192-93
- Mishnah, 41 monasticism and the OT in Byzantium, 7, 199-221 belt or cincture, 212 canonical texts, 200, 203, 205, 211, 220-21 discipline, OT models for, 210-12 foundational monastic writings, 200, 201-6 hagiographical literature, 206-10 liturgies, 199, 209, 215, 216-20 psalmody as part of ascetic life, 77-81, 200, 217-19 (See also Psalms/psalters)
- singing psalms, monastic disapproval of, 84 spiritual exegesis and allegory, 213-16
- Monophysites, 18, 168
- Morgan Library. See New York, Morgan Library Moses (OT patriarch) Bulgaria, OT models for the king in, 266n48, 267-68
- in Byzantine dating structure, 163 Covenant with, 155 emperors associated with, 13, 173, 176, 182-84, 190, 195, 196
- John Malalas, cited as source by, 161-61 as monastic model, 205, 206, 207, 208, 211, 213-15
- Plato's temporal relationship to, 164
- See also Islam, Moses in; rod of Moses Mother of God Petritzonitissa, Monastery of, at Bačkovo, 219
- Mt. Athos manuscripts. See Athos manuscripts Mt. Nebo, Chapel of the Theotokos, 230, 230-31 Mt. Sinai manuscripts. See Sinai, Monastery of St. Catherine Muḥammad and Moses, as prophets, 281, 288, 289. See also Islam, Moses in Muḥammad b. Isḥāq, 283n6
- Al-Mundhir, 171
- Muslims. See entries at Islam navel of the world (omphalos), 238
- Nea (basilica, church of the Theotokos, Jerusalem), 14, 247-48
- Nea Ekklesia, Constantinople, 22, 29, 249
- Nea Mone, Chios, mosaic of the Anastasis, 248-50, 250
- Nebuchadnezzar (Babylonian ruler), 156, 192, 256
- index Orpheus (as source for John Malalas), 162, 171 orthodoxy, Byzantine sense of, 28-29
- Ousterhout, Robert, 223, 304
- Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Auct. D.4.1, 92n67 MS Auct. T.4.4, 79n7 MS Barocci 15, 95 MS Barocci 182, 161n34 MS Holkham gr. 1, 92n66 MS Laud. gr. 2, 92n66 MS Opp. Add., 47n18
- Oxford, David Cycle of mural (?) paintings in, 24
- Pachomios (monastic founder), 210
- Palaea chronographica/Palaea interpretata, 259, 261-62
- Palaia, 75n56, 157n13, 157n15, 169n64 Palaiologan emperors, preference for NT models, 38. See also specific Palaiologan emperors Palestine, as Christian holy land, 13-14. See also Jerusalem palimpsests, 45-46, 48, 53
- Palladios, 84n36
- Pambo (abba), 208 panegyrics, OT models for emperors in, 193-96 Panofsky, Erwin, 228
- Pantinos (saint), 10
- Parakletike, 82, 104n116
- Parimijnik (Slavic Prophetologion), 64
- Paris, Bibliothèque nationale MS Abbadie 22, 108n8 MS éthiop. 3, 108n8 MS gr. 13, 82n24 MS gr. 139. See Paris Psalter MS gr. 164, 88n47 MS gr. 169, 93, 94 MS gr. 331, 84n38, 91n61 MS gr. 510 (homilies of Gregory of Nazianzos), 22
- Muḥammad leads Abraham, Moses, and Jesus in prayer, Iran, manuscript, 295, 296 Paris, Ste. Chapelle, 31-34, 32, 36 Parisian bibles of thirteenth century, 36
- Paris Psalter (Paris Bibl. Nat. gr. 139) commentary in, 82 emperors, OT models for, 23-24 Exaltation of David (fol. 7v), 24, 35, frontispiece ideological significance of, 7 ownership of, 114
- Paroimiai, 259, 261, 271-72n66. See also Prophetologion Parpulov, Georgi R., 77, 304
- Pascha (Easter), 63n19, 64n25, 66-67, 71-72, 160 Patmos manuscripts hours, books of, 84-85 MS Patm. 31, 28n116 MS Patm. 65, 83n29 MS Patm. 66, 83n29 MS Patm. 159, 83n29 psalters, 83
- Patria Constantinopoleos, 269
- Paul Evergetinos, 204-5, 208 Paul the Silentiary, 229, 239
- Paulinus (author of Vita Ambrosii), 181n18
- Paulinus (bishop of Tyre), 226, 229, 248 Pelagius and John (Latin translators of Apophthegmata Patrum), 204
- Pentateuch Jewish manuscripts of, 45, 50, 53 law codes, Byzantine, influence on, 21
- Octateuch, relationship to, 107 texts of, 107 See also Deuteronomy; Exodus; Genesis; Leviticus; Numbers; Torah Pentecostarion, 65 periousios laos, as name for imperial army, 25, 29
- Persia, Byzantine conflict with Antioch, siege of, 14, 171-72
- Avars, Persian alliance with, 15-19, 27, 173, 194-95
- Heraklios, use of OT models for, 194-95 history of Persian empire, OT contribu- tion to Byzantine understanding of, 155-56, 182 identification of Christian Byzantium with Israel and, 14, 15, 173
- index Persia, Byzantine conflict with (continued) Jewish response to, 5
- John Malalas's account of Sennacherib as typology for, 171-72
- Peter, Acts of, 157n15 Peter of Argos (saint), 25n102
- Peter Damaskenos, 83, 89, 91n56, 100n96
- Peter Deljan, 258
- Peter the Iberian, Life of, 207 Peter the Venerable, 284
- Petissonius (pharaoh named in John Malalas's chronicle), 167
- Petritzonitissa Monastery, Bačkovo, 219
- Phalek (OT patriarch), 161, 163, 164 Pharaoh (OT figure) imperial ideology, negative OT model for, 176, 182-88 passim, 192, 195
- Joseph in prison with Pharaoh's butler and baker, in Octateuch illustrations, 145, 146-48
- Magoi of Pharaoh, John Malalas's account of, 161, 165-69
- Petissonius (pharaoh named in John Malalas's chronicle), 167
- Pharos Church, Great Palace, Constanti- nople, 29, 31
- Philemon (Egyptian abba), 80
- Philip of Macedon, 164
- Philokalia, 80n14, 83n33-34, 91n56, 91n58, 213 Philokrates, 111 Philo of Alexandria, 155n6, 179
- Philotheos (author of ceremonial treatise), 10
- Philotheos Kokkinos (patriarch), 79, 80, 85, 101 Phokas (emperor), 181
- Photios (patriarch) Amphilochia of, 6n20, 169 Bible as a whole, knowledge and use of, 56n2 on Hesychios Illoustrios, 159n22 identification of Christian Byzantium with Israel, 21-22
- on Jews, 6 on language of Septuagint, 11n39
- Nomos Mosaikos, 20
- Octateuchs and, 107n1, 108n5, 141 on Pharos Church paintings, 31
- Picus Zeus, 164, 165, 167n55 pignora imperii, 12-13, 173, 194, 267 Pilgrim of Bordeaux, 238
- Pirke (Rabbi Eliezer), 143 piyyutim, 42
- Plato, temporal relationship to Moses, 164
- Platonism, typos in, 179 Pliny the Elder, 167
- Plukhanova, Maria, 258 Poemen (abba), 204 Polish identification with new Israel, 276n80 politics and the state Caucasus, OT models for states of, 272-74 Ethiopia, OT models for the state in, 274-76 Mirrors of Princes, 192-93 theocracy, Byzantine sense of, 28-29 See also Bulgaria, OT models for the state in; emperors, OT models for Prefect, Book of the, 10, 21
- Presanctified Gifts, Mass of, 217 Presentation of the Virgin in the Temple, architectural setting for, 231-32, 232 private devotion and the psalter. See Psalms/psalters Procheiros nomos, 21 prokeimenon, 60n9, 69, 70 Prokopios of Gaza emperors, OT models for, 172, 179n13, 185, 194
- Octateuchs, 107, 110n15 on sacred space in Byzantine architec- ture, 229, 239-41, 245, 248n94 prophecy, Jewish and Christian interpreta- tion of, 10n27 prophet Moses and prophet Muḥammad, 281, 288, 289. See also Islam, Moses in Prophetologion, 55-76 Bible and OT, entire, lack of, 55-59 in Bulgaria, 259, 260, 261, 271-72n66 canon of OT and, 59, 66n29, 67-68, 73 contents of, 66, 72-73 as counterpart to modern OT in Byzantium, 59-60, 72-76 defined and described, 60
- index Theotokos, Chapel of the, Mt. Nebo, 230, 230-31 Tyre, dedicatory speech of Eusebios at cathedral of, 226-27, 229 "Sailing to Byzantium" (W. B. Yeats), 253n114
- St. Catherine, Monastery of, Sinai. See Sinai, Monastery of St. Catherine Ste. Chapelle, Paris, 31-34, 32, 36
- St. John the Forerunner of Phoberos, Monastery of, 212
- St. Neophytos, Monastery of, Cyprus, 205
- St. Petersburg, National Library of Russia MS gr. 216 (Uspensky Psalter), 80n15, 100 MS gr. 229, 82n24 MS gr. 266, 92n68 MS gr. 269, 35n137
- St. Polyeuktos, Constantinople, 14, 243-47, 244, 252
- St. Sabas, Lavra of, Jerusalem, 79 SS. Sergios and Bacchos, Constantinople, 245-47
- Saller, Sylvester, 230
- Samuel (Bulgarian tsar), 258
- 1 and 2 Samuel (biblical books) in 6-book division of OT, 108n4
- Bulgaria, OT models for the state in, 256, 265, 266, 269, 270 monastic models drawn from, 202, 204
- Vat. gr. 333 containing 1-2 Kings and, 120
- San Marco, Venice, Cotton Genesis copied in mosaics of, 144
- San Vitale, Ravenna, OT narrative mosaics of, 155n7
- Schechter, Solomon, 40
- Scheja, Georg, 242 scholia, 48-49, 53, 82. See also catenae; commentaries; glosses and glossaries Scripture. See Bible Selection, 20
- Seleucia Pieria, near Antioch, stone sculp- ture from (Princeton, University Art Museum), 144-45, 146
- Sennacherib (Assyrian ruler), in chronicle of John Malalas, 161, 170-72
- Septuagint (LXX) Byzantine familiarity with texts of, 9, 26 catena manuscripts, copies of, 119-20 critical editions of, 61 Ecclesiastes text compared with Cairo Genizah fragment, 47
- Jewish community and, 4, 44, 154
- Octateuch illustrations, as underlying source for, 130-31, 137 OT in Byzantium represented by, 154 Prophetologion and, 60-61, 63, 64n23 quire divisions in, 124 Temple called skene tou martyriou in, 237 "The Temple of the Lord" as term, use of, 10, 11
- Verzeichnis (Rahlfs) listing of extant mss., 57-58n3
- Seraglio Octateuch. See Topkapı Octateuch Serapion (abba) and the prostitute, 88 Serbian identification with new Israel, 276n80 Sergios the Deacon, 25-26n105 serpent in garden of Eden, Octateuch representations of, 125-26, 128, 129, 143
- Severus of Antioch (patriarch), 160n28
- Sextus Julius Africanus. See Julius Africanus Shahîd, Irfan, 247-48
- Sheba, Queen of, 274-75, 284
- Shu'ayb (Arab prophet), 289
- Simon Magus, 157, 167
- Sinai, Monastery of St. Catherine MS gr. 30, 101-2 MS gr. 40, 91n62 MS gr. 550, 82n24 MS gr. 869, 84n39 MS gr. 1186, 139, 141 MS gr. 2123, 93n69 MS gr. 2132, 92n65
- Sinaiticus codex (London, British Library, Add. MS 43725), 154
- singing psalms, monastic disapproval of, 84
- Sirach (Ecclesiasticus; biblical book), 156, 200 Sisyphos of Kos, 170n66, 171
- Skoutariotes, chronicle of, 158
- Slavonic (language) John Malalas's chronicle translated into, 169, 171n72
- Palaia, 157n13
- Parimijnik (Slavic Prophetologion), 64 psalter translated into, 92, 260 translations of Bible into, 64, 259-61
- Yeats, W. B., "Sailing to Byzantium," 253n114
- Zacharias, altar with blood of, 238
- Zechariah (biblical book), 16, 270n61 Zeno (emperor), 167n55
- Zephaniah (biblical book), 236-37
- Zerubbabel, Temple of, 224, 226
- Zonaras, chronicle of, 125-26, 158
- Zuntz, Günther, 55-57, 61-64, 74
- Zürich, Zentralbibliothek, RP 1 (Psalterium aureum Turicense), 89