Потомки Элюдэя: проблема ойратско-бурятских этнических связей (original) (raw)
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Nanzatov B. Z., Tishin V. V. Toward Buryat-Yakut Ethnic Connections: İgidäi and Eχirid. Bulletin of the Irkutsk State University. Geoarchaeology, Ethnology, and Anthropology Series. 2020, Vol. 32, pp. 26–36. https://doi.org/10.26516/2227-2380.2020.32.26 (in Russ.), 2020
The formation of the Yakut people is associated with the several waves of migration from the southern direction, in which Mongol-speaking communities took part. The researchers of the Yakuts ethnic history noticed the ethnonym İgidäi, known as the name of a large tribal group in the interfluve of Aldan and Lena Rivers, in the 17th century, which was connected in Russian written sources with the particular unit are “Igideiskaya volost”. In the late 19th century the descendants of this population were presented by four administrative units (nasleg) in the Bayagantai and Baturus ulus (as 1st and 2nd Igideysky in both cases). There is no association in the names of the smaller administrative units (Russian: rod) attested as parts of these nasleg with other ethnonyms. This suggests that those populations were quite homogeneous and did not subject to large external migrations in the historical period. By itself, the ethnonym İgidäi was repeatedly associated with the name of a large tribal grouping of Western Buryats, known as eχirid (rus. ekhirit), which in turn goes back to the Middle Mongolian ethnonym Ikires. Pprevious researchers had outlined right path of searching, however they limited only a statement of the formal consonance of the Yakut İgidäi and buryats eχirid. The present article is devoted to the argumentation of the comparison based on the analysis of phonetic data. The form İgidäi make it possible to reconstruct the primary appearance of the ethnonym as *ikir (plur.: ikid), which correlates with the dialectal version of the Western Buryat ethnonym attested as eχirši, also referring to the early form *ikir. The tribe Ikires mentioned above was known in the 13–14th centuries and was associated with the territory of Mongolia. Information about the Ekhirits, because of lack of written sources, attested only in the 17th century AD in the Western Baikal region. Despite the obvious kinship of their names, it is not possible to trace any intermediate stages that would allow us to talk about the unity of the history of the population known by these ethnonyms. At the same time, the identification among the Yakuts the ethnonym, which clearly goes back to the form that demonstrates the phonetic characteristics of Western Buryat dialects, allows us, based on the general historical context, to move the lower chronological border beginning the stay of the ethnonym Eχirid carriers in the Western Baikal region at least by a century.
К бурятско-якутским этническим связям: *ǰimken || *емкон, *жемкон
Bulletin of the Irkutsk State University. Geoarchaeology, Ethnology, and Anthropology Series., 2021
The article is devoted to the analysis of the Yakut ethnonym *J̌emkon and *Yemkon, which can be identified in the personal onomastics (the name Zhemkon and surname Yemkonov) and derived names of various administrativeterritorial units (Yemkonskaya or Yamkonskaya volost’, Zhemkonskiy nasleg) recorded in the Russian documents. For the first time, the ethnonym becomes known in the documents of 17th century related to the population of the Lena River valley, which later became part of the Kangalasskiy ulus. Later the name was recorded in Vilyuy region. The modern Yakut spelling cöppön, cökpön, cökkön, cömkön reflects a late adaptation in the Yakut environment. In this connection the authors of the article draw their attention to the ethnonym known among the Buryats. It is widespread in different versions over vast territories among several ethnic-territorial groups of the Buryats. It is form Zemχed (letter ǰimked) of the Khori (Qori) tribe Khudai (Qudai). The various forms of the ethnonym and the corresponding eponyms as Yenχen, Zenχen, Ženχen, Žinχen are widely represented both among the Khori (Qori) tribe Galzut (Γalzuud) settled not only among the Khori (Qori) and Aga Buryats, and among the Verkholensk, Ol’khon, and Barguzin ethno-territorial groups of Western Buryats. The analysis shows that the Russian spelling of the Yakut ethnonym could reflect an adaptation of the original variant to be close to the pronunciation of *ǰimken (~ *dʹimken?), which in turn makes it possible to characterize its phonetic appearance as tending to Western Buryat dialects. Therefore, there are reasons to associate the penetration of this ethnonym into the Yakut environment with native speakers of a Western Buryat type language. The etymology of the analyzed name is difficult. Formal analysis of morphology leads to the opinion that the possible reconstructed semantics would be more likely to a personal name or toponym. It is also noted that it is possible to consider the spelling *J̌imken ~ *Yimken as correspond in its Mongolic form to the name known from the sources of the 11th–14th centuries and related to the Turkic tribe Yemäk ~ Yimäk. However, the authors leave this remark only as a hypothesis to be possible for further discussions.
Bulletin of the Irkutsk State University. Geoarchaeology, Ethnology, and Anthropology Series, 2022
The article presented to be a continuation of the study of the Buryat ethnonym Eχirid ~ Eχired (to be Ekhirit in Russian spelling) published by its authors earlier. That result of previous analysis was provided the linguistic argument to confirm the position, previously expressed by colleagues without any argumentation, that the ethnonym İgidäi reflected in the name of political and then administrative unit (nasleg) among the Yakuts should be considered as a form related to the Buryat ethnonym Eχired < Ekired. At the same time earlier the authors of the article presented had proposed that the spelling ikirezh(ъ) found in Russian documents of the 17th century reflected the form of the original Eχirid ~ Eχired in the genitive case. It should be understood as the form with the suffix +i known in the Ekhirit-Bulagat dialects of Buryat language, determined the palatalization and further affricatization of the preceding consonant -d: [d] > *[ɟ] > [dʑ]. Now an attraction of additional source materials allows one to reinforce an argument for that assumption.It may be the most interesting the possibility of defining the last consonant as palatalized in a typologically close example that is the mention of the ethnonym “Ikinyazhskiy” or “Ikinyatskiy” in Russian spelling in the same documents to reflect the original form *ikinädʹ(i). In the article presented it is also considered the tribal name “Itiritskiy (rod)” attested in Russian spelling in the 1897 census among the Yakut population. Following the hypothesis about the connection of this name with the Buryat ethnonym Eχirid ~ Eχired, the authors propose to interpret the Russian spelling “Itiritskiy”mentioned as the reflecting an original form the emergence of which was a result of the phonetic change *ikired >*itʹired due to palatalization of the original [k] > [tʹ] in a language close to Buryat type. The results of the study not only allow one to detail information about the Buryat-Yakut historical contacts, but also supplement information about the historical phonetics of the Buryat language.
Данные фольклора для изучения путей этногенеза ойратских групп
Хойт С.К. Данные фольклора для изучения путей этногенеза ойратских групп // Международная научная конференция «Сетевое востоковедение: образование, наука, культура», 7-10 декабря 2017 г.: материалы. Элиста: Изд-во Калм. ун-та, 2017. с. 286-289., 2017
ВЕСТНИК БУРЯТСКОГО НАУЧНОГО ЦЕНТРА СИБИРСКОГО ОТДЕЛЕНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ АКАДЕМИИ НАУК, 2021
Among the Buryats the ethnonym Atagan is known, but the earlier scholars have not noted the possibility of comparing with it the ethnonym attested among the Vilyui Yakuts and contained in the name of the Atagasox clan (of Torbohovskiy nasleg in Xochinskiy ulus). The authors demonstrate that *Ataγas identified here may be an archaic plural form of the original *Ataγai̯. This allows not only considering the Buryat ethnonym as a secondary formation, acting as a rethought plural form *Ataγai̯ > *Ataγan, but also to raise the question of comparing the personal name Atagay, recorded in the genealogical legends of the Bashkirs and Kazakhs, also reflected in the latter case in ethnonymy.
Nowadays, genealogical myths of Buryats have important practical meaning for the representatives of various ethnic groups of Buryats as a resource of the reconstruction of genealogy. Myths and their key characters, such as Ekhirit, Bulagat, and Horidoi, etc., characterized as ancestors of the Buryat people, became important markers of ethnic self-presentation of Buryats. Emergence of these images is closely linked with the history of the development of Buryat people reflecting certain stages of consolidation of ethnic groups into a single entity known as “Buryats”. This article aims to study the process of the making of Buryat entity and topicality of various levels of ethnic identity based on the example of genealogical myths.
Desertum Magnum: studia historica, 2020
The article makes an attempt at clarifying the origin of the Kalmyk ethnonym khakhachin which reliably dates back to the mid-XIX century. It is compared to the well-known among Khori-Buryats ethnonym khakhshud which appears among Buryats of Mongolia as khagshud and among Shene-Barguts as khakhchuud. Expanding the research with Yakut material and in particular the ethnonym Kogosuk mentioned by Ya. I. Lindenau, and also historical ethnonymics data allowed to infer the common origin of the given ethnonyms and reconstruct the original form *qaγačin. The different variations of the ethnonym registered among Buryats (and dependent on one of them forms reconstructed in Yakut ethnonymics and anthroponimics) as well as the Kalmyk khakhachin show the parallel development of this variant.
Bulletin of the Irkutsk State University. Geoarchaeology, Ethnology, and Anthropology Series, 2021
In this paper they are analyzed the ethnonyms known among the Buryats in the form of Manǰiraγ [Manǯirag˱], Malǰiraγ [Malǯirag˱] etc. (those are Manžirak, Manžirak in Russian spelling, “Manzir” in Russian documents of the 17th century), and among the Yakuts to be attested as Maldˊaγar. The Buryat forms reflected the original *Manǰi Uraγ or *Malǰi Uraγ, where attested in both cases the first element characterized by the development of complex -nǰ- > -lǰ-. The secondary form may be found also in mentioned Yakut Maldˊaγar that to be metathesised version of *Maldˊǝraχ < *Malǰiraγ, due to development of Mong. -raγ > Yak. *-raχ > -γar. So, it is possible to view here another Mongolic borrowing in the register of Yakut ethnonyms. The etymology of the original ethnonym was also analysed in the paper. The word is not based on roots such nor as Manču ~ Manǰu, that is the ethnic name of Manchu people, nor the from Buddhist lexicon word Bandi ‘novice, pupil of a lama’ (> Kalm. Manži), because of problems in chronology for possibility of any of such versions. So, it is of the possible the most optimal version seems to prefer the word analysed to be compared with known in Written Mongolian manǰi ‘an elk’. It may be to argue that the development -nǰ- > -lǰ- attested had made place already in the form of the word have not yet been a part of the ethnonym contracted. Among Tofalars it is known the tribal name Maldˊär < *Malǰi är ‘Malǰi people, people of Malǰi’. It seems that among both Yakuts and Tofalars it is circulated the secondary form of the Mongolic name. The penetration of the word here had started before 17th century. And one can say also that not only the development -nǰ- > -lǰ- had its place to that time that supported by known among Yakuts personal name attested in Russian spelling as Malegar, i.e., *Maläγar [*Maljäγar], but it was also the Middle Mongolic /ǰ/ > Buryat */dz/ reflected in Russian spelling “Manzirskiy” found in documents of the 17th century.
The article presents versions and the hypothesis of early Barga — Buryat ethnogenesis and further branching of ethnic history. The study is based on ethnonym materials, as well as the latest research in the fi eld of the history of these peoples. By the time of the disintegration of the Mongolian Empire the territory of Bargujin-Tokum was a part of the Yuan state. However, after ascent of the new Ming dynasty the northern territories remained out of control of Ming China. The ethnic history of this region was practically never refl ected in written sources prior to the coming of Russians from the northwest and Manchu from southeast in the early 17th century. The ethnic history of Northern Mongolia, Baikal region and Cis-Hovsgol area in the Ming epoch has practically never been a subject of research. The majority of modern scholars consider this period a " dark age " of history. Historical ethnonymics forms the basis of this research paper. The key terms for the study are " Bargu " and " Buryat ". By the 17th century Buryat ethnonym almost lost its meaning in the local environment due to long usage in the nomadic-community stage of development in the peaceful period when various ethnoterritorial entities became dominant, such as the Bulagats on the Angara, Ekhirits on the Upper Lena, Ikinats on the Angara and Oka, Ashibagats on the Uda and Oka, Gotols on the Ida, Batulins on the Upper Kuda and so on. In this period the ethnonym Buryat lost its political signifi cance among the carriers, but it was widely used by the neighboring peoples from whom the Russians fi rst learnt about the " Brats ". In the stem of the brat/bratskii term apparently lied a Turkic (Khakass or Altaic) exoethnonym pyrat-purat in which the radical pyra-pura was a phonetic variant of the word " wolf ". A return to the common ethnonym was characteristic of the consolidation processes. Another characteristic feature was a new phase on the development of the ethnogenetic legends and myths in which Buryadai became the father of Ekhirit and Bulgadai and a brother to Horidoi. All these myths are based on the real historical events when the local population went through a long period of ethnic contacts as a result of which a unity with the single Mongolian proto-Buryat language was formed. The Buryat ethnonym evolved from its medieval spreading only on the Mongolian-speaking population groups and became common for all population groups in Cisbaikalia who, in their turn, already switched to Mongolian (Buryat) language.
Об одном бурятском этнониме в якутской среде: *mököröön > mögürüön ~ möŋürüön ‘Мегюрен’
Монголоведение (Монгол судлал)
Introduction. The article examines the onym Megüren (Yak. Möŋürüön < Mögürüön) used as a name of several administrative units in the territory of Yakutia, mainly those included in Meginsky (Yak. Mäŋä) District. The available 17th-century written sources — i.e. earliest Russian-language documents on Yakuts — mention no such onym. And it was E. Pekarsky who already pointed out that the Yakut word mögürüön ‘round-thick’ could be a Mongolic borrowing and, in particular, tended to trace parallels in the Buryat language. Subsequent researchers paid no attention to both the word and the corresponding ethnonym. Goals. The paper aims to analyze origins of the word the ethnic name stems from. Materials and methods. In the absence of early historical accounts, the work explores linguistic sources to investigate phonetic appearances of the Yakut onym in question and comparable data in other languages, primarily Mongolic ones. The latter include not only vocabularies but also materials dealin...