Microalgae as feedstock for biodiesel production: Carbon dioxide sequestration, lipid production and biofuel quality (original) (raw)
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Microalgae with their higher growth rate and oil volume can be counted on as a new source of producing biodiesel. Chlorella vulgaris microalgae have been used in this study for producing biodiesel. From one germinator device was used as the culture room. The optimum temperature for cultivation was adjusted, 25ºC; pH, 7; Light intensity, 3500 Lux. Due to stiffness of cell envelope of this type of microalgae, the cell envelope was broken using Ultrasonic device in 40°C. The biodiesel produced from transesterification methods was analyzed by gas chromatograph (GC). The biodiesel samples were characterized in accordance with American standard specification for biodiesel (ASTM D6751) and European standard specifications for biodiesel (EN14214) protocols. 18-carbon fatty acids with 51.3% constitute the most fatty acids presence. Olecic acid with 28.10%, Palmitic acid with 24%, Linolelaidic acid with 16.7%, Linolenic acid with 10.6% and Linoleic acid 10% assign the biggest share to themselves respectively. The resultant biodiesel was evaluated for physic-chemical properties namely kinematic viscosity (4.8 mm2/s), density (870 kg/m3), flash point (140 °C), cetane number (60), cloud point (0 °C), pour point (-11 °C), heating value (41MJ/kg). Although the presence of some unsaturated fatty acids increased the pour and cloud point of the biodiesel, the microalgae with its high growth rate however can be considered as a proper source of biodiesel production.
Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review, 2015
Biofuels are gaining importance as significant substitutes for the depleting fossil fuels. Recent focus is on microalgae as the third generation feedstock. In the present research work, two indigenous fresh water and two marine Chlorophyte strains have been cultivated successfully under laboratory conditions using commercial fertilizer (Nutrileaf 30-10-10, initial concentration=70 g/m 3) as nutrient source. Gas chromatographic analysis data showed that microalgae biodiesel obtained from Chlorophyte strains biomass were composed of fatty acid methyl esters. The produced microalgae biodiesel achieved a range of 2.2-10.6 % total lipid content and an unsaturated FAME content between 49 mol% and 59 mol%. The iodine value, the cetane number, the cold filter plugging point, the oxidative stability as well as combustion specific characteristics of the final biodiesels were determined based on the compositions of the four microalgae strains. The calculated biodiesel properties compared then with the corresponding properties of biodiesel from known vegetable oils, from other algae strains and with the specifications in the EU (EN 14214) and US (ASTM D6751) standards. The derived biodiesels from indigenous Chlorophyte algae were significantly comparable in quality with other biodiesels.
Energies
Microalgae are considered to be potentially attractive feedstocks for biodiesel production, mainly due to their fast growth rate and high oil content accumulated in their cells. In this study, the suitability for biofuel production was tested for Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella fusca, Oocystis submarina, and Monoraphidium strain. The effect of nutrient limitation on microalgae biomass growth, lipid accumulation, ash content, fatty acid profile, and selected physico-chemical parameters of algal biodiesel were analysed. The study was carried out in vertical tubular photobioreactors of 100 L capacity. The highest biomass content at 100% medium dose was found for Monoraphidium 525 ± 29 mg·L−1. A 50% reduction of nutrients in the culture medium decreased the biomass content by 23% for O. submarina, 19% for Monoraphidium, 13% for C. vulgaris and 9% for C. fusca strain. Nutrient limitation increased lipid production and reduced ash content in microalgal cells. The highest values were observe...
Biodiesel: A Most Feasible Option Produced from Microalgae over PetroDiesel
International Journal of Emerging Trends in Science and Technology, 2018
Due to continuous use of present source (fossil fuel) mainly cause the pollution to the environment and also negative effect on availability of the oil reservoirs necessitates developing renewable fuels to replace petroleum-based fuels. Investigation of feasibility of biodiesel produced from microalgae. One of the main challenges in algal oil is the poor quality that is efficiency of the biodiesel, which is mainly, depends upon the fatty acid in algal-oil. Algal biodiesel having property for efficiency, which is produced from biomass of microalgae to produce lipids, which is key factor for production of biodiesel in large amounts and within short periods of time with zero net carbon dioxide (CO 2) emission. Indeed, Algal biodiesel can be considered as a potential source of renewable energy with no limitation like hydro or nuclear power relies on their sources.
Journal of Applied Phycology, 2015
In recent years, microalgae-based carbon-neutral biofuels (i.e., biodiesel) have gained considerable interest due to high growth rate and higher lipid productivity of microalgae during the whole year, delivering continuous bio-mass production as compared to vegetable-based feedstocks. Therefore, biodiesel was synthesized from three different microalgal species, namely Tetraselmis sp. (Chlorophyta) and Nannochloropsis oculata and Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Heterokontophyta), and the fuel properties of the biodiesel were analytically determined, unlike most studies which rely on estimates based on the lipid profile of the microalgae. These include density, kinematic viscosity, total and free glycerol, and high heating value (HHV), while cetane number (CN) and cold filter plugging point (CFPP) were estimated based on the fatty acid methyl ester profile of the biodiesel samples instead of the lipid profile of the microalgae. Most biodiesel properties abide by the ASTM D6751 and the EN 14214 specifications, although none of the biodiesel samples met the minimum CN or the maximum content of poly-unsaturated fatty acids with ≥4 double bonds as required by the EN 14214 reference value. On the other hand, bomb calorimetric experiments revealed that the heat of 2 combustion of all samples was on the upper limit expected for biodiesel fuels, actually being close to that of petrodiesel. Post-production processing may overcome the aforementioned limitations, enabling the production of biodiesel with high HHV obtained from lipids present in these microalgae.
Microalgae as feedstock for biodiesel production under ultrasound treatment – A review
Bioresource Technology, 2018
BACKGROUND: The novelty of this work is the estimation of the fuel properties of biodiesel, a comparison study with conventional sources of biodiesel commonly used as feedstock, and an investigation for meeting the requirements of the standard specifications for this fuel produced by six strains of microalgae (three cyanobacteria, two green algae and one diatom), cultivated photosynthetically in a bubble column photobioreactor. Lipid productivity and biofuel quality were the criteria for species selection. RESULTS: Chlorella vulgaris was found to be the best strain for use as a feedstock for biodiesel production and for this specie, a carbon dioxide sequestration rate of 17.8 mg L −1 min −1 , a biomass productivity of 20.1 mg L −1 h −1 , a lipid content of 27.0% and a lipid productivity of 5.3 mg L −1 h −1 were obtained. Qualitative analysis of the fatty acid methyl esters demonstrates the predominance of saturated (43.5%) and monounsaturated (41.9%) fatty acids. The quality properties of the biodiesel were an ester content of 99.8%, a cetane number of 56.7; an iodine value of 65.0 g I 2 100 g −1 ; a degree of unsaturation of 74.1% and a cold filter plugging point of 4.5 • C. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that among the fuel properties tested, the microalgal biodiesel complies with the US Standard (ASTM 6751), European Standard (EN 14214), Brazilian National Petroleum Agency (ANP 255) and Australian Standard for biodiesel.
Biodiesel Production from Microalgae
In recent years, high value lipid extraction in order to convert into a biodiesel product was potentially investigated among various microalgae strains. As a proof, in this research study, a significant amount of triacyl glyceride from Chlorella sorokiniana was obtained. Moreover, effective parameters such as pH, temperature and light intensity were assessed thoroughly. The petroleum fuels are limited and depleting due to increase in consumption and cause environmental problems. Microalgae are recognized as a source for the production of biofuels. Therefore, biodiesel (types of biofuel) is the only substitute fuel attainable as it is technically feasible, economically competitive, environmentally acceptable and easily available to fulfill the increasing demands for energy. This research was conducted to extract of lipid from Chlorella sorokiniana and characterization of fatty acid composition by Gas chromatography requirements. Transesterification process was carried out to produce methyl esters. After 15 to 17 days, at the end of the exponential phase of growth, the total contents of the lipids was extracted and determined. The extracted fatty acids was first esterified and then identified using GC analysis. The presence of several types of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and saturated fatty acids were identified by using microalgae, Chlorella sorokoniana. The result shows that the extracted lipid shows in main composition of suitable fatty acid present in the microalgae was identified as palmitic acid profile for biodiesel, ranging from 16-18 of carbon lengths. This strain can be an ideal candidate for biodiesel production because of its saturated fatty acid content.
BioEnergy Research, 2012
The viability of algae-based biodiesel industry depends on the selection of adequate strains in regard to profitable yields and oil quality. This work aimed to bioprospecting and screening 12 microalgae strains by applying, as selective criteria, the volumetric lipid productivity and the fatty acid profiles, used for estimating the biodiesel fuel properties. Volumetric lipid productivity varied among strains from 22.61 to 204.91 mg l −1 day −1 . The highest lipid yields were observed for Chlorella (204.91 mg l −1 day 1 ) and Botryococcus strains (112.43 and 98.00 mg l −1 day −1 for Botryococcus braunii and Botryococcus terribilis, respectively). Cluster and principal components analysis analysis applied to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) profiles discriminated three different microalgae groups according to their potential for biodiesel production. Kirchneriella lunaris, Ankistrodesmus fusiformis, Chlamydocapsa bacillus, and Ankistrodesmus falcatus showed the highest levels of polyunsaturated FAME, which incurs in the production of biodiesels with the lowest (42.47-50.52) cetane number (CN), the highest (101.33-136.97) iodine values (IV), and the lowest oxidation stability. The higher levels of saturated FAME in the oils of Chlamydomonas sp. and Scenedesmus obliquus indicated them as source of biodiesel with higher oxidation stability, higher ). The third group, except for the Trebouxyophyceae strains that appeared in isolation, are composed by microalgae that generate biodiesel of intermediate values for CN, IV, and oxidation stability, related to their levels of saturated and monosaturated lipids. Thus, in this research, FAME profiling suggested that the best approach for generating a microalgae-biodiesel of top quality is by mixing the oils of distinct cell cultures.
Biodiesel production by microalgae and macroalgae from north littoral portuguese coast
1St International Conference Wastes Solutions Treatments and Opportunities, 2011
Biodiesel, as an alternative fuel, has many benefits. It is biodegradable, non-toxic and compared to petroleum-based diesel, has a more favorable combustion emission profile, such as low emissions of carbon monoxide, particulate matter and unburned hydrocarbons. In brief, these merits make biodiesel a good alternative to petroleum based fuel. Biodiesel feedstocks derived from microalgae and macroalgae have emerged as one of the most promising alternative sources of lipid for use in biodiesel production because of their high photosynthetic efficiency to produce biomass and their higher growth rates and productivity compared to conventional crops. In addition to their fast reproduction, they are easier to cultivate than many other types of plants and can produce a higher yield of oil for biodiesel production. In this work biodiesel was produced using the species of microalgae Chlorella emersonii and Botrycoccus braunii due to its high oil content. Biodiesel productions through macroalgae oil are in preliminary phase. Therefore, results and methodology will not be presented in this work. Technological assessment of process was carried out to evaluate their technical benefits, limitations and quality of final product. In this work biodiesel from microalgae oil was produced by an alkali-catalyzed transesterification and it was achieved 93% of mass conversion. The evaluation of quality from raw materials and final biodiesel was performed according to standard EN 14214. Results show that all parameters analyzed meet the standard and legislation requirements. This evidence proves that in those operational conditions the biodiesel produced from microalgae can substitute petroleum-based diesel.
The viability of algae-based biodiesel industry depends on the selection of adequate strains in regard to profitable yields and oil quality. This work aimed to bioprospecting and screening 12 microalgae strains by applying, as selective criteria, the volumetric lipid productivity and the fatty acid profiles, used for estimating the biodiesel fuel properties. Volumetric lipid productivity varied among strains from 22.61 to 204.91 mg l −1 day −1 . The highest lipid yields were observed for Chlorella (204.91 mg l −1 day 1 ) and Botryococcus strains (112.43 and 98.00 mg l −1 day −1 for Botryococcus braunii and Botryococcus terribilis, respectively). Cluster and principal components analysis analysis applied to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) profiles discriminated three different microalgae groups according to their potential for biodiesel production. Kirchneriella lunaris, Ankistrodesmus fusiformis, Chlamydocapsa bacillus, and Ankistrodesmus falcatus showed the highest levels of polyunsaturated FAME, which incurs in the production of biodiesels with the lowest (42.47-50.52) cetane number (CN), the highest (101.33-136.97) iodine values (IV), and the lowest oxidation stability. The higher levels of saturated FAME in the oils of Chlamydomonas sp. and Scenedesmus obliquus indicated them as source of biodiesel with higher oxidation stability, higher ). The third group, except for the Trebouxyophyceae strains that appeared in isolation, are composed by microalgae that generate biodiesel of intermediate values for CN, IV, and oxidation stability, related to their levels of saturated and monosaturated lipids. Thus, in this research, FAME profiling suggested that the best approach for generating a microalgae-biodiesel of top quality is by mixing the oils of distinct cell cultures.