Theoretical Estimation of Power Density Radiations in the vicinity of WiMAX Base Stations (original) (raw)
Related papers
Romanian Journal of Physics, 2007
Theoretical and experimental assessment of radiofrequency exposure due to cellular base station antennas is treated. The calculation of the incident power density of the radiation flux is possible by knowing the antenna's technical data from the constructor and by defining the position of the exposed person. The free space propagation model in ideal conditions yet allow just a gross assessment of exposure in the far field region of the antenna, which generally overestimates the real exposure level. Exposure assessment may be also theoretically calculated in near field conditions, with a better agreement with real cases. The compliance distance from the antenna is another important parameter and it can be calculated in accordance to the reference levels stipulated in exposure standards. From experimental perspective, far field in situ measurements of power density level were made in a limited number of locations, by using the frequency-selective method and equipment. The results are discussed, regarding both the obtained values and the factors that influence the measurements. The measured values were well bellow the maximum permissible exposure levels in the adopted standard in our country.
The Yemeni Ministry of Communications launched the WiMax service in YEMEN. The launch was made with lack of attention paid to the effects of radiation on the environment and human health. Although the service is important to beneficiaries as it provides them with high-speed data transfer, it represents a threat to others, especially near the places of installation of base stations for the service. For this reason, it is considered necessary to undertake a study on safe places to put these stations, especially in cities and densely populated places including markets, schools and residential buildings, in order to avoid the risk of electromagnetic radiation of high-energy output of the radio broadcast of the towers on the surrounding area. This research studies the demography, population distribution and future growth of SANA'A city and offers proposed solutions for safer places to install Towers WiMax which would have less effect on the environment and human health in order to reduce the potential negative effects of high-frequency radio radiation on humans over time.
Assessment of electromagnetic radiation from base station antennas
2012
There is a strong perception relating to existence of a high level of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation in the vicinity of base station antennas. In the present paper, electromagnetic radiation from base station antennas installed for various wireless communication purposes has been investigated based on equivalent isotropically radiated power calculations. For this purpose, a typical wireless communication site has been selected where GSM, CDMA, 3G/UMTS, and WiMAX antennas are installed. The overall ratio of equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) and threshold EIRP combining all services at this particular site has been calculated at ground level and nearby buildings. It has been found that the ratio of EIRP and threshold EIRP is less than unity and thus, the particular site is normally compliant and does not impose any adverse health effects. For general public, the exclusion zone (compliance distance) from GSM, CDMA, 3G/UMTS, and WiMAX antennas have been found at 7.30, 6.076, 7.436, and 6.861 m, respectively.
Assessment of Electromagnetic Radiation from Base Station Antenna
SSRN Electronic Journal
There is a strong perception relating to existence of a high level of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation in the vicinity of base station antennas. In the present paper, electromagnetic radiation from base station antennas installed for various wireless communication purposes has been investigated based on equivalent isotropically radiated power calculations. For this purpose, a typical wireless communication site has been selected where GSM, CDMA, 3G/UMTS, and WiMAX antennas are installed. The overall ratio of equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) and threshold EIRP combining all services at this particular site has been calculated at ground level and nearby buildings. It has been found that the ratio of EIRP and threshold EIRP is less than unity and thus, the particular site is normally compliant and does not impose any adverse health effects. For general public, the exclusion zone (compliance distance) from GSM, CDMA, 3G/UMTS, and WiMAX antennas have been found at 7.30, 6.076, 7.436, and 6.861 m, respectively.
Performance Study of the Radio Frequency Radiation Power Density of Mobile Base Station
2017
Since 2003 the number of mobile phone subscribers extraordinary increased in Iraq. All over the world there is a tremendously growing in cellular communication systems resulted in increasing the number of mobile phones and mobile base stations. This distribution of mobile base stations in dense populated areas, near schools and hospitals has raised the public concern about possible health hazards. The ministry of environment/ Iraq in 2010 has set guidelines to perform measurements of the electromagnetic fields radiated from base stations used in mobile phone networks. In this study the electromagnetic power density radiated from mobile base station (downlink) and mobile phones to base station (uplink) were measured by TEMS software. This tool simplifies the prediction and measurement of electromagnetic power density. The measurements were conducted within 300 meters from the mast of the major GSM service provider in Kirkuk city. The obtained data were analyzed for uplink and downlink. The measured values then were compared with the antenna prediction pattern and with the employed safety guidelines to ensure compliance with these limits. All the measured values were within the limits.
RF RADIATION LEVELS IN THE VICINITY
Increasing development of mobile communication infrastructure while enhancing availability of the technology raises concerns among the public, who see more cell towers erected each day, about possible health effects of electromagnetic radiations. Thereon, a survey of radio-frequency radiation from 60 GSM base stations was carried out in Tehran, Iran at several places mostly located in major medical and educational centres. Measurements were performed at 15 locations near each base station site, i.e. 900 locations in total. Since there are other RF radiation sources such as broadcasting services whose carrier frequencies are <3 GHz, the whole band of 27 MHz to 3 GHz has been assessed for hazardous exposures as well. The results were compared with the relevant guideline of International Commission on Non-Ionising Radiation Protection and that of Iran, confirming radiation exposure levels being satisfactorily below defined limits and non-detrimental.
Investigating Wi-Fi Radiation Levels at Residences
International Journal of Computer and Communication Engineering, 2014
Due to the increase in the number of radiation sources, the high frequency radiation has become a major health and environmental concern in the world. Many studies have linked high frequency radiation to various types of illnesses, while low frequency fields from power lines have been linked to leukemia. Therefore, we have initiated a set of studies to measure and document the levels at various outdoor areas in Kuwait, to confirm their safety and to document the current levels for further studies by scientists. One growing source of radiation is the wireless LAN at houses, private and public locations. The technology has become very common in the majority of residences resulting in an accumulation of several networks in each house. This increases the amount of radiation and supports the possibly of increased hazard. In this study we aim at documenting the state of radiation due to WLAN sources at 2.4GHz at various residences in Kuwait.
Electromagnetic Radiation Measurements and Safety Issues of some Cellular Base Stations in Nablus
2011
As the mobile telecommunication systems are tremendously growing allover the world then the numbers of handheld and base stations are also rapidly growing and it became very popular to see these base stations distributed everywhere in the neighborhood and on roof tops which has caused a considerable amount of panic to the public in Palestine concerning wither the radiated electromagnetic field from these base stations may cause any health effect or hazard. This paper focuses on the radiated electromagnetic energy from some typical mobile base stations around the city of Nablus. The exposure levels due to these stations were measured and compared to some international standard guidelines like ICNIRP and FCC to see if it meets these standards, this is in order to answer some of the public fear and concern. The results are presented and some comments are made on the other sources of electromagnetic radiation in the 200 kHz to 3 GHz range.
Estimation of the Peak Power Density in the Vicinity of Cellular and Radio Base Station Antennas
IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 2004
Prediction formulae for estimating the peak equivalent power density in the near-field of cellular base-station array antennas are demonstrated. Theoretical justification stemming from a uniform asymptotic expansion of the field radiated by collinear arrays is described, and verification is carried out by means of an extensive computational analysis of different classes of base station antennas. The formulae, which depend on a few, readily available parameters, can be conveniently employed for the estimation of compliance distances with respect to RF safety guidelines issued by the International Committee on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), which have been adopted in many countries throughout the world, without requiring necessarily extensive and expensive nearfield measurements campaigns.
Investigation of electromagnetic radiation emitted from mobile base stations in Khartoum state
The fast development of mobile communication systems all over the world has caused the appearance of many hundreds of mobile telephone base stations in every municipality. Mobile base station set up has produced concerns about health and in some cases has resulted in litigation in court. Hence, radiological hazard assessments due to electromagnetic radiation emitted from 50 mobile base stations GSM900-GSM1800 were carried out. The measurement was performed at different distances and directions from 50 mobile base stations using Aaronia Hyper LOG 4040 X instrument. The mean Power density (0.00595W/m 2) and Power Ratio (-52 dBm) were determined and compared with International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), World Health Organization allowable limits and different countries. On the other hand, the investigation highlights the importance of radiation monitoring of mobile phone antenna on a residential building.