Epidemiology of Human Rota Virus Types 1 and 2 as Studied by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (original) (raw)
Related papers
Rotavirus and Gastroenteritis: Clinical and Epidemiological Traits
Revista Interfaces, 2022
There is a strong association between rotavirus and gastroenteritis. The gastroenteritis by rotavirus is one of the most important causes of child internation at hospital. The rotavirus belongs to the Reoviridae family, genus Rotavirus and it have been classified into seven groups (A to G), where the A group is the major cause of diarrhea in children, and the B group in adults. The symptoms of the rotavirus gastroenteritis are high fever, vomiting, and severe diarrhea, leading to dehydration. Subclinical and asymptomatic rotavirus infections are very common among adults. The detection of rotavirus is done by various methods. The treatment is the use of Oral Rehydration Salts, the control is made through epidemiological vigilance and the immunization is done by the use of vaccines (as RRV-TV, in the US market, and 89-12, still being tested). Was realized this bibliographic research using the international databanks SCIELO, BIREME, PUBMED and HIGHWIRE. The diarrhea caused by this virus is the most common severe infection in children younger than 5 years and it leads to approximately 440.000 deaths per year. By this way, efforts to discovery of vaccines more effective should be stimulated and the health workers must be prepared to detect these viruses to alert the epidemiological vigilance.
International Journal of Scientific Research, 2021
Rotavirus Group A (RVA) is still the leading cause of severe acute diarrhea in children all over the world. Ruth Bishop and her colleagues identified the virus in humans in 1973, and it belongs to the Reoviridae family, Genus Rotavirus (Group III-dsRNA). The virus has a segmented double-stranded RNA genome and is non-enveloped, icosahedral, and triple-layered. Each of the 11 segments of the viral genome encodes at least six structural proteins (VP1 through VP4, VP6 and VP7), as well as five or six nonstructural proteins (NSP1-6) depending on the strain. Rotavirus is known for transmitting from person to person via the feces-oral route. The RV may also be spread through feces-contaminated water in low-income communities. The RV might also be handed down from one child to the next by polluting contaminated surfaces. Rotaviruses (RVs) cause diarrhea and enterocyte death when they infect mature enterocytes on the tips of the villi of the small intestine. Symptoms of RV infection, including acute watery diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and a low-grade fever, can last for days and cause dehydration. Rotavirus infection was detected by electron microscopy, immunochromatography, EnzymeLinked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), RNA PAGE, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Due to the lack of a particular antiviral treatment, effective RV vaccinations are beneficial in reducing morbidity and death. Oral Rotavirus vaccinations are available worldwide (RotaTeq and Rotarix).
BMC Gastroenterology, 2019
Background: The pattern and distribution of human rotavirus genotypes in young children in developing countries play an important role in epidemiological studies, as well as providing a strategy for the development of future rotavirus vaccine. Methods: We evaluated stool samples from 349 children with acute gastroenteritis from Northern Iran (Gorgan city, Golestan province). Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) and Latex Agglutination Test (LAT) were utilized to determine the prevalence of human rotavirus in fecal samples. Moreover semi-multiplex RT-PCR technique was carried out in order to determine the P and G genotypes of human rotavirus in rotavirus-positive samples. Results: A total of 46 rotavirus-positive samples were G and P genotyped. Whereas 28 (60.8%) fecal specimens contained only one rotavirus strain, 14 (30.4%) were mixed rotavirus infections and 4 (8.8%) was non-typeable. Overall, during the study, 57.82% of strains identified as genotype G1, G2 (18.70%), G3 (4.69%), G4 (3.13%), G8 (3.13%), G9 (6.26%) and non-typeable G (6.26%). From all these mentioned rotavirus strains, 46 were characterized as P [8] (97.80%) and P [4] (2.20%).Our analysis of the G and P genotyping of strains from all 46 rotavirus-infected children has revealed that 4/46(6.26%) of G type strains were non-typeable. The predominant single G/P combination was G1P [8] (57.82%), followed by, G2P [8] (16.98%), G2P [4] (1.72%), G3P [8] (4.69%), G4P [8] (3.13%) G8P [8] (3.13%), G9P [8] (6.26%) and four cases of non-typeable G (6.26%). Rotavirus was detected in 39 specimens (11.17%) by PAGE and in 38 specimens (10.88%) by LAT. Both tests were 100% specific; however, the LAT was 82.61% sensitive compared to the PAGE, which was 84.78% sensitive. Conclusions: The results suggest that to characterize rotavirus strains as well as design new effective vaccines for children with acute gastroenteritis, a large-scale study is needed in future.
Journal of Family and Community Medicine, 2011
Objectives: Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in children. Currently, there is no published data on the prevalence of subgroups and serotypes of rotavirus in the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia. The objectives of the present study were to assess the rotavirus infection in children with acute gastroenteritis and to assess the subgroups and serotypes of rotavirus in the Children and Maternity Hospital in Dammam, Eastern Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: Children under 5 years of age with gastroenteritis attending the emergency rooms, or hospitalized in the pediatric wards of in the Children and Maternity Hospital in Dammam were included in the study (N=156). Laboratory diagnosis of rotavirus shedding was established using the novel rotavirus STAT-PAK immunochromatographical test. Subgroup and G-serotype of the positive stool specimens were analyzed by the ELISA method. Results and Conclusions: Using the novel immmunochromatographic assay, 37 samples were shown to be positive for rotavirus (23.7%). Subgroup I (serotype 2) was found to constitute 5.4% of the isolates and subgroup II (serotypes 1, 3 and 4) was found to constitute 56.7% of the isolates, whereas 37.8% were non-typeable. A survey of serotypes of rotavirus in the whole region as well as in the whole of Saudi Arabia will provide important information about the subgroups and groups of rotavirus in the community and may help in assessing the success of the rotavirus vaccine in the future.
Journal of Medical Virology, 2008
Recently, rotavirus antigenemia and viremia have been identified in patients with acute gastroenteritis. This study examined rotavirus viremia in children hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis in order to establish its association with fecal shedding of rotavirus, infecting genotypes and antibody marker of acute infection. Thirty-one pairs of stool–serum specimens were collected from November 2004 to February 2005 together with clinical information. All paired specimens were screened for rotavirus RNA by RT-PCR using the VP6 gene primers. All stool and serum specimens were tested for rotavirus antigen and anti-rotavirus IgM respectively by ELISA. Sixteen of 31 stool–serum pairs showed the presence of rotavirus RNA. Nine stool and two serum specimens were positive only by RT-PCR. The total positivity in rotavirus RNA was significantly higher in both stools (80.6%) and sera (58.1%) than that of stool antigen (38.7%) and anti-rotavirus IgM (25.8%) (P < 0.01). All PCR positive paired specimens were typed for the VP7 (G) and VP4 (P) genes. Five of sixteen pairs could be typed for both genes. Three of the five pairs showed concordance (G2P[4]/G2P[4]) while two showed discordance (G12P[8]/G2P[4], G8P[4]/G2P[4]) in the genotypes detected in stool and serum specimens respectively. The study documents a high frequency of rotavirus viremia in patients with acute diarrhea. The discordance of rotavirus strains at the genotypic level in the serum and stool of individual patients with diarrhea suggests the susceptibility of extra-intestinal sites for rotavirus infection and the possibility of differential dissemination of rotavirus strains from the intestine. J. Med. Virol. 80:2169–2176, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Molecular epidemiology of human rotaviruses in Santiago, Chile
Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 1997
In 1987/88 a winter outbreak of infantile gastroenteritis occurred in Manipur, India which was mainly due to rotaviruses of long electropherotype and subgroup (SG) I. The VP7 gene of one of these viruses (M48) has been cloned and sequenced. It was found to be very closely related to the VP7 genes of the G2 serotype human rotaviruses RV-5 and $2. Follow-up epidemiology of this event in Manipur during 1989-1992 yielded mainly rotaviruses of more conventional characteristics (94 isolates of SG II and long electropherotype, and 90 isolates of SG I and short electropherotype), but also 6 isolates of SG I with long electropherotype, indicating that these viruses continue to circulate in the Manipur community. One isolate of short electropherotype was of subgroup II, and one long electropherotype isolate reacted with the group A but not with either the subgroup I or subgroup II monoclonal antibodies.
Journal of Medical Virology, 1990
A nosocomial outbreak of rotavirus gastroenteritis involving 52 newborns occurred between June and September 1988 a t the University Children's Hospital of Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany. Stools from 27 representative patients were examined for rotavirus serotypes, using a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The electropherotype was also examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of genomic RNA. As many as 18 patients were found to be infected by serotype 4, subtype 48 strain, and in all of them the same electropherotype was detected. Although rotavirus from the remaining nine patients could not be typed, the electropherotype in four was identical to that of the serotype 4, subtype 48 strain. Thus, most of the patients in the outbreak were infected by the same rotavirus strain. Retrospective epidemiological studies showed that the 4B strain began to circulate at the hospital in January 1988, whereas only rotavirus serotypes 1, 3, and 4A were detected in 1985-1987. The primary case of the outbreak was presumably a newborn with acute gastroenteritis, admitted to the hospital from a small maternity unit in the same urban area. During the outbreak, 12 of 44 healthy newborns in the nurseries of the Children's Hospital and other maternity hospitals were found to be asymptomatic rotavirus carriers, and in three of the newborns the same 4B strain was detected. This is the first reported outbreak caused by a serotype 4, subtype 4B strain.