The King goes up to the Roof: Hittite Nocturnal Rites performed during the New Moon (original) (raw)

2020, Cult, Temple, Sacred Spaces Cult Practices and Cult Spaces in Hittite Anatolia and Neighbouring Cultures Proceedings of the First International HFR Symposium, Mainz, 3–5 June 2019

At particular times, Hittite ritual practices could take place on the flat roof of sacred or profane buildings, perceived as the ideal setting for the performance of rites directed to celestial or astral deities. This paper aims at analyzing some examples of cult activities taking place on the roof, before focusing on a particular group of texts describing a sequence of ritual actions performed by the Hittite king during the night, in connection with the first appearance of the new moon. Many fragments of this group are currently filed under CTH 645. Besides providing a general description of the text corpus, the paper will address the debated issue of the possible relationship of these rites with the great state festival of the month.

Hittite Religious Rituals and the Ideology of Kingship

Religion Compass, 2011

What did the victorious Hittite king do on his return home from battle? Surprisingly perhaps, the pertinent Hittite sources offer different, even contradictory answers to this question. For a study of the relations between ritual practices and political power in the Hittite Kingdom, however, the question is not without interest. The occasion of the victorious return of the king from battle lends itself splendidly to, even calls for, a conscious use of ritual activity for the manifestation of political power. It will be argued that the evidence concerning the ritual activities of the Hittite king on his return from war show no conscious attempt to mould ritual practices into political goals or to exploit the glory of battles just won for a demonstration of power. This fact may shed a new light on the relations between ritual activity and political power in the context of the Hittite empire and its characteristic textual inheritance.

Ritual as Divine Law: The Case of Hittite Royal Cultic Performance and its Biblical Correspondence

Ada Taggar-Cohen

The present article explores the way the law in Hittite royal view, regarded as a prerogative of the king-while based on the "customs of the land"-was formulized through "royal decrees." By this formulization, the king enacted "royal legal sacrifice" under the adjudication of the royal court. Hittite royal rituals were enacted using written texts, which manifestly represent "narrativized ritual." Hittite festivals and rituals evolved over the years from local traditions involving specific gods through centralized royal legalization into a demanding calendar of festivals for different gods. In the final part of this article I suggest that Hittite material may help us perceive how biblical rituals have been narrativized in the Priestly texts.

Celestial Aspects of Hittite Religion: An Investigation of the Rock Sanctuary Yazılıkaya

Journal of Skyscape Archaeology, 2019

Regular celestial events assumed remarkable significance for the cultic rituals of the Hittite civilisation (c. 1600-1180 BC) in central Asia Minor. Numerous texts found at the capital Ḫattuša relate to solar deities and celestial divination reminiscent of Old Babylonian astronomical and astrological practices. Here we suggest that the rock sanctuary of Yazılıkaya, which was considered one of the holiest places in the Hittite kingdom, had a calendrical function. It contains more than 90 rock-cut reliefs, dating to the second half of the thirteenth century BC, of deities, humans, animals and mythical figures. The reliefs in Chamber A are arranged in groups to mark the days, synodic months and solar years. Using this system, the Hittite priests were able to determine when additional months were required to keep lunar and solar years aligned. The astronomical and astrological interpretation of Yazılıkaya serves as a point of departure for a brief re-examination of celestial aspects in Hittite religion.

Remarks on the Formation and Textual Tradition of the Hittite AN.TAH˘ .SUMFestival: the Cases of CTH 615, 616 and 618

The rich but often fragmentary corpus of rituals related to the great Hittite an.tah .šum festival demonstrates not only its long duration and articulated structure, but also its complex textual tradition. The aim of this contribution is to clarify the process through which the festival formed and evolved throughout Hittite history assuming the well-known composite and heterogeneous form. With this purpose in mind, I have selected some sections of the festival which, in showing a relation to autonomous local or foreign cults, are more useful in defining the main features of their process of inclusion and assimilation in the great festival. Three components of the festival, CTH 615, 616 and 618, are analysed in their synchronic (different versions, comparison with the outline tablets) and diachronic aspects (the possible original independence of cults and the age of their introduction into the festival program). Every component shows specific features regarding its cultic layer, its original autonomy and the modalities of its introduction into the festival. Among the analogies found are the existence of different versions of each festival day and the time when the festival nucleus seems to have been formed, that is, the beginning of the Empire Period, as well as the continuity of the textual tradition. 1 This article constitutes an abstract of my PhD dissertation submitted to the University of Rome La Sapienza on April 19, 2013, entitled,'Uno studio sulla formazione e la tradizione del testo della festa ittita dell'an.tah.sum SAR : i casi di CTH 615, 616 e 618'. I am very grateful to Prof. A. Archi and to Prof. J. Miller for reading this article and giving me precious suggestions. Abbreviations are those of the Chicago Hittite Dictionary. 2 In Šuppiluliuma I's Res Gestae (CTH 40), composed by his son and successor Muršili II, is found the first mention of the celebration of the festival (KBo 14.42 obv. 8′-9′: [ku]-it A-BU-YA A-NA dingir MEŠ URU H a-a[(t-ti Ù A-NA d utu URU A-RI-IN)]-NA an.tah .šum SAR da-a-iš; see Del Monte (2008: 64-65). During a ceremony containing offerings to royal statues but belonging to the an.tah .šum festival (KUB 10.11 rev. i 5′-9′; CTH 660.1.A -Opfer für die Königsstatuen) it is related that some bread offerings for Niccolò Galmarini Remarks on the Formation and Textual Tradition of the Hittite AN.TAH .ŠUM Festival: the Cases of CTH 615, 616 and 618

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