Women, engineering and gender equality: Brazil and United States pathway Mulheres, engenharia e equidade de gênero: trajetória brasileira e norte-americana (original) (raw)
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Women, engineering and gender equality: Brazil and United States pathway
2020
The task of discussing gender equity in society remains challenging, and new systemic strategies are needed to increase women's participation in leading professions. Two decades after the 21st century, inequality between men and women continues to produce detrimental effects that reproduce past discriminatory behaviors and actions. We argue that
Women in Stem: A Brazilian Study in the Diário Oficial Da União
Cadernos de Pesquisa
The United Nations (UN) advocates the inclusion of women in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) as a pillar for the fifth Sustainable Development Goal (gender equality). Although women have, on average, reached a higher level of education than men, they still earn less in the labor market. The organization also reports that most women are in non-STEM careers, with traditionally lower pay. This study seeks to analyze Brazilian publications involving women in STEM in the Diário Oficial da União, in order to verify whether national and international guidelines are being carried out in the institution of public policies.
International Journal of Gender, Science and Technology, 2019
Traditionally, engineering has been a male bastion throughout the world. However, during the past 15 to 20 years, the need for gender diversity has become increasingly understood by stakeholders. Against this background the study discusses the participation of women in engineering education and employment from across the world to uncover specific differences and similarities. Today, in almost all countries, various stakeholders are taking affirmative action to enhance participation. Yet not all actions are equally effective, and progress is sometimes much slower than might be expected. An array of various socioeconomic-political factors provides the reasons for such outcomes. The countries studied have been divided into four groups based on the impact of various socioeconomic factors on women's participation across engineering. Example actions are discussed again for different levels of engineering-from students to practicing engineers. These, together with an understanding of what works, where and why, could be the start of a library of case studies that organisations such as the International Network of Women Engineers and Scientists (INWES) 1 may share with those working to increase gender equity in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) around the world. Even though there is a paucity of research or data for some areas of the globe, particularly in the engineering workforce, one point that emerges from this paper is that, in order to enhance the effectiveness of affirmative programmes, socioeconomic-political factors must be taken into consideration.
COMPARATIVE CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY ON THE FIRST WOMEN ENGINEERS IN COLOMBIA, MEXICO, AND PORTUGAL
ICONThe Journal of the International Committee for the History of Technology Volume 26, Number 1, July 2021, 2021
In this article we present a comparative, cross-cultural study analyzing the context of the first women engineers in Colombia, Mexico, and Portugal. We aimed to identify the local characteristics that distinguish them and those they had in common, that transcend geographical barriers. To do so, we looked at three aspects of their lives: broader social and academic context (on the level of the community), family environment and work practice. In so doing, we identify patterns that fit with the concept of gender norms: systematic barriers to women's access to spaces traditionally considered masculine, such as engineering, and even to access to higher education in general. Changes in the political orientation of governments set the stage for changing the opportunities for women engineers in the early decades of the twentieth century.
Social Sciences, 2021
In this review article, we argue that the transformations related to the modernisation of Portuguese society triggered by the implementation of democracy did not fully accommodate gender equality. In particular, when we consider the areas where the most progress has been made in keeping with a broadly shared urge for modernisation, education and science; whereas women have contributed to boosting the Portuguese population’s level of education, thus inverting the worst legacy of the dictatorship and developing scientific research, gender inequalities are still visible in highly qualified professions. Reviewing the results of studies from different professions, science, medicine and engineering, our analysis illustrates several factors that hinder not only the recognition of women’s competences and merit at work but also their career opportunities. Some of these factors are rooted in the type of gender ideology that was central to the propaganda of the dictatorship, thereby establishi...
Where are the Women in the Engineering Labour Market? A Cross-Sectional Study
2019
Traditionally, engineering has been a male bastion throughout the world. However, during the past 15 to 20 years, the need for gender diversity has become increasingly understood by stakeholders. Against this background the study discusses the participation of women in engineering education and employment from across the world to uncover specific differences and similarities. Today, in almost all countries, various stakeholders are taking affirmative action to enhance participation. Yet not all actions are equally effective, and progress is sometimes much slower than might be expected. An array of various socioeconomic-political factors provides the reasons for such outcomes. The countries studied have been divided into four groups based on the impact of various socioeconomic factors on women’s participation across engineering. Example actions are discussed again for different levels of engineering—from students to practicing engineers. These, together with an understanding of what ...
Gender Discrimination in Brazilian Labour Market and the Role of the Private Sector
V. 13, n. 02, 2020
The objective of this paper is to discusses gender discrimination in the labour market in Brazil and understand the role that the private sector plays in both sustaining and fighting gender inequality and the wage gap. It does so through the analysis of main problems and challenges for the achievement of full gender equality. It is a study in the field of law, economics, and social science. The paper first reviews the history of gender equality in Brazil, highlighting both current problems and progresses, in particular in the area of legal protection of female workers. It then discusses current gender inequality issues and wage gaps in the workplace in Brazil and analyses the reasons for the persistence of such inequality. Finally, the paper discusses the role of the private sector in both sustaining gender discrimination and promoting gender equality. This paper acknowledge progress in the area of gender equality achieved in Brazil in the past two decades, but it considers that discrimination is the key persistent issue that needs to be addressed to completely eradicate this problem. In particular, special attention should be given to the role of the private sector – something that has been so far overlooked in Brazil.
Improving Gender Equity in Engineering—Perspectives from Academia and Literature
2024
The underrepresentation of women in engineering is well-known and well-documented. Women have experienced harmful discrimination due to bias, stereotypes, and an overall lack of institutional support. This paper aims to provide a platform focused on educating to empower individuals to continue to address gender inequity in engineering and computer science in academia. A structured literature review was conducted to focus on the disparities that exist for women, explore why those disparities exist, and discuss solutions that could help close the gender gap. The results of the literature review are coupled with the discussion outcomes from a panel on gender and racial equity in engineering conducted at the 2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition. This paper is also meant to serve as a record of the panel and discussion that was generated. The panelist perspectives include faculty, administrative, and student roles in engineering at institutions of higher education who shared their experiences, insights, knowledge, and wisdom on what has contributed to the imbalance and what must be done to overcome it. The common thematic elements between the literature review and the panel are analyzed and discussed.
Cuestiones de género: de la igualdad y la diferencia, 2021
Despite educational advances in Brazil, female representation in science, technology and engineering (STE) is still something to be achieved. Women and men still tend to focus on different areas, on occupational segregation. The aim of the article is to analyze female underrepresentation in the courses at the Technological Center of a public university in Brazil. It was found that the sexual division of labor and education can reinforce certain gender stereotypes. The analyzed data indicate that more men than women take courses in the areas of exact sciences and engineering and that, among women, brown and black women are represented in fewer numbers. Therefore, there is a gender gap in female participation in STE at the investigated university. Keywords: female underrepresentation; STE; gender; race; Brasil. Resumen A pesar de los avances educativos en Brasil, la representacion femenina en ciencia, tecnologia e ingenieria (CTI) es todavia algo por lograr. Las mujeres y los hombres ...