Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin uptake by plants from soil (original) (raw)
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Plant uptake of some pharmaceuticals from fertilized soils
Land application of sewage sludge can be a source of the contamination of food plants by pharmaceutical products. In this study the uptake of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin, sulfadimethoxine and sulfamethoxazole from soil into lettuce was demonstrated. In spite of this phenomenon the concentrations of the studied pharmaceuticals were clearly low in the plant samples, if compared to their concentrations in soil.
Phytotoxicity to and uptake of enrofloxacin in crop plants
Chemosphere, 2003
Phytotoxicity of enrofloxacin on crop plants Cucumis sativus, Lactuca sativa, Phaseolus vulgaris and Raphanus sativus was determined in a laboratory model: the effect of 50, 100 and 5000 lg l À1 were evaluated after 30 days exposure by measuring post-germinative growth of primary root, hypocotyl, cotyledons and leaves. Concentrations between 50 and 5000 lg l À1 induced both toxic effect and hormesis in plants, by significantly modifying both length of primary root, hypocotyl, cotyledons and the number/length of leaves. A toxic effect is induced by high concentration (5000 lg l À1 ), while hormesis occurs at low concentrations (50 and 100 lg l À1 ). A continuum between toxic effect and hormesis is found in the four plant species. Both toxic effect and hormesis can be related to an efficient plant drug uptake, in the order of lg g À1 . Plants are able to metabolize enrofloxacin into ciprofloxacin, as also happens in animals; Cucumis, Lactuca and Phaseolus biologically convert about one quarter of stored enrofloxacin. The ecological implication of enrofloxacin contamination in terrestrial environments is discussed.
Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics and their Interactions in Agricultural Soils – A Review
Orbital: The Electronic Journal of Chemistry, 2019
Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are antibiotics widely used in human and veterinary medicine. The main sources of FQ contamination in agricultural soils result from the irrigation of fields with wastewater and the use of waste sludge and animal manure as fertilizer. Due to their physicochemical properties, these chemicals exhibit strong sorption in soils, presenting low mobility, high persistence and, therefore, long-term biological action in this matrix. This review addresses their main physicochemical and biological interactions in soils, as well as their main biotic and abiotic degradation pathways. In addition, we highlight the possible impacts of FQs on organisms that play an important role in the maintenance of biogeochemical cycles such as soil microbiota, earthworms, and plants. Routes of exposure to human beings through food grown in contaminated soils, and possible exposure to resistant genes derived from microbiota-soil-antibiotic interactions are also discussed. This review emphasizes the need for establishing regulatory limits on FQ contamination sources through fertilization with human and husbandry waste in agriculture soils.
Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR), 2020
Enroflaxacin(EFX) is one of the most frequently used broad-spectrum synthetic quinolones veterinary drugs and its concentration ranges from 0.3 to 142mg/kg in manure. The misuse/ overuse of antibiotics release residues in various environment, such as soil, agricultural farms, waste water treatment plants, lakes, rivers and ground water. Samples were collected from the veterinary hospital of Valsad district and Pardi (drug affected area). Isolation was performed using Thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose medium and Sabourauds medium, 12 isolates of bacteria (YS-1, GM-1, BS, YM, YNL, YS-2, GM-2, GNS, G-1, G-2, GNL and OS) and 3 isolates of fungi (FY, FB, FG) were obtained. These isolates were exposed to three different concentration (5,25,70mmol) of 50 and 150 mg of EFX each to check their tolerance. From which 11 isolates of bacteria were susceptible and 1 isolated bacteria(YM-1) and 3 fungi(FG, FB, FY) were resistant. Field test was performed to check the effect of higher concentration of EFX on isolate YM-1 and all three fungi in soil collected from drug affected area which are able to tolerate the known amount of EFX in bioassay. After 4 days at 200 mmol concentration of EFX no growth of bacteria was observed by SPC but all the three fungi are able to tolerate this concentration of EFX. As no growth was observed in field test at 200mmole concentration, this concentration was exposed to Physical and Biological degradation. Physical degradation was performed using Ultraviolet rays at different interval of time from 1min,…,21min and the smallest zone size of 38mm with strain GM-1 was observed at 21minutes, which shows degradation of EFX after 21 minutes of exposure. Biological degradation of EFX was performed using all 3 isolated fungi in Sabourauds medium and consideration amount of breakdown of EFX was obtain using chemical oxygen demand(COD) colorimetric method. The fungi FB was able to degrade more amount of EFX after exposure for 15 days. OD was measured at 420nm at an interval of 5 days. TLC was performed to check the degraded EFX and the Rf value of degraded EFX was 0.05 and that of standard EFX was 0.7. The fungi FB which can degrade higher amount of EFX in biological method, was identified to be related to Aspergillus niger DTO 370-I7 by molecular identification. IndexTerms-Enroflaxacin, Quinolones, antibiotic, Thiosulfate citrate bile salt, Degradation. INTRODUCTION Since, their first discovery, antibiotics have played incomparable roles in treatment of diseases and promotion of animal feed efficiency. There were more than 70 billion clinical doses of this antibiotics employed globally in 2010, and 162,00 tons of antibiotics were used in china in 2013 making upto 52% of veterinary drugs. Enroflaxacin (EFX) is one of the most frequently used broad-spectrum synthetic quinolones veterinary drugs and its concentration could range from 0.3 to 1,421mg/kg in manure. Fluoroquinolones constitute one of the largest groups of antibacterial pharmaceuticals used worldwide. They are relatively new group of synthetic antimicrobial agents derived from 3-quinolone carboxylic acid. The predecessor of the class was non-fluorinated nalidixic aid with a narrow spectrum of activity that was mainly limited to treating urinary tract infections. The spectrum of antibacterial activity was considerably enhanced by introducing a fluorine atom on the number 6-carbon atom. The new 6-fluoroquinolones chemotherapeutics have become very useful in a variety of infections, especially caused by pathogens resistant to older antibiotics. Excretion of these antibiotics and improper waste disposal has led to substantial concentrations of these compounds. Even the processing of communal wastewater in sewage-treatment plants cannot prevent entry of antibiotics into surface water because of their stability. Possible effects of antibiotics include both toxicity and the emergence of bacterial resistance to the antibiotics. Although the transformation of enrofloxacin by fungi has not been reported, cultures of wood-decaying fungi have been shown to convert Enroflaxacin to CO2 and several other metabolites. The fungi transforms enroflaxacin to enroflaxacin N-oxide, desethylene-enroflaxacin, and N-acetyliprofloxacin. The misuse or overuse of antibiotics results in their residues in various environment, such as soils, agricultural farms, waste water treatment plants, lakes, rivers and ground water. This calls the attention to the problematic of the environmental release of these compounds and to the effects that they may exert in the environment, highlighting the need of developing efficient treatment strategies for their removal and for restoring ecosystems impacted by this type of pollution.
African Journal of Agricultural Research, 2013
Sewage sludge compost can be a source of nutrients for plants and contamination by pharmaceutical products. In this study the presence of some widely used pharmaceuticals in sewage sludge and its compost-namely ciprofloxacin C17H18FN3O3, ofloxacin C18H20FN3O4, norfloxacin C16H18FN3O3, sulfadimethoxine C12H14N4O4S and sulfamethoxazole C10H11N3O3S-was shown. In several sewage sludge samples their concentrations exceeded the relevant trigger values for manure. The highest concentrations of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and norfloxacin in the compost ready for commercialization sufficiently exceeded the threshold concentration-1 µg/kg-for pharmaceuticals in soil. The values of the highest detected concentrations of these pharmaceuticals in compost were respectively 70, 64 and 8 µg/kg. The uptake of these pharmaceuticals was demonstrated from both sandy and loamy soils into food plants such as carrot (Daucus carota L), potato (Solanum tuberosum L) and wheat (Triticum vulgare L).
Journal of Environment Quality, 2015
With rising demands on water supplies necessitating water reuse, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent is often used to irrigate agricultural lands. Emerging contaminants, like pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), are frequently found in effluent due to limited removal during WWTP processes. Concern has arisen about the environmental fate of PPCPs, especially regarding plant uptake. The aim of this study was to analyze uptake of sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, ofloxacin, and carbamazepine in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants that were spray-irrigated with WWTP effluent. Wheat was collected before and during harvest, and plants were divided into grain and straw. Subsamples were rinsed with methanol to remove compounds adhering to surfaces. All plant tissues underwent liquid-solid extraction, solid-phase extraction cleanup, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Residues of each compound were present on most plant surfaces. Ofloxacin was found throughout the plant, with higher concentrations in the straw (10.2 ± 7.05 ng g −1) and lower concentrations in the grain (2.28 ± 0.89 ng g −1). Trimethoprim was found only on grain or straw surfaces, whereas carbamazepine and sulfamethoxazole were concentrated within the grain (1.88 ± 2.11 and 0.64 ± 0.37 ng g −1 , respectively). These findings demonstrate that PPCPs can be taken up into wheat plants and adhere to plant surfaces when WWTP effluent is spray-irrigated. The presence of PPCPs within and on the surfaces of plants used as food sources raises the question of potential health risks for humans and animals.
Uptake of the pharmaceutical Fluoxetine Hydrochloride from growth medium by Brassicaceae
Phytochemistry, 2008
Since the European Union banned disposal of sewage sludge (SS) at sea in 1998 the application rate of SS to land has risen significantly. Land application is thus possibly an important transport route for SS-associated organic chemicals, including pharmaceuticals, to soils and perhaps also to plants. The potential for the selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor, Fluoxetine HCl, to undergo uptake into Brassicaceae tissues was therefore investigated in a tissue culture study under laboratory conditions for 12 weeks. From growth medium containing 280 ng Fluoxetine HCl mL À1 , translocation into Brassica oleracea var. botrytis (cauliflower) stems (5% mean uptake of applied burden; 0.49 lg g wet weight À1) and leaves (3% mean uptake; 0.26 lg g wet weight À1) was confirmed, but no evidence of uptake into the curd was found; other possible explanations of the observations are also discussed. Although the data for individual plants were highly variable, as was the recovery of spiked internal standard (deuterated Fluoxetine HCl), the results nonetheless suggest uptake of Fluoxetine may indeed be a potential transport route to plants. A similar study of uptake from soils rather than from an artificial medium should now be undertaken, with greater numbers of replicates and improved analytical methods. Such studies have already demonstrated uptake of some antibiotics from manured soils by a variety of plants including Brassicaceae, suggesting that the uptake mechanisms may be more general.
Fluoroquinolones in soil—risks and challenges
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2007
Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are among the most important antibacterial agents used in human and veterinary medicine. Because of the growing practice of adding manure and sewage sludge to agricultural fields these drugs end up in soils, where they can accumulate and have adverse effects on organisms. This paper presents an overview of recent developments in the determination of FQs in solid environmental matrices and describes the risks and challenges (persistence, fate, effects, and remediation) which result from their presence in soil.