ENORMOUS SOURCES OF THE OTTOMAN CULTURAL HERITAGE: JUDICIAL RECORDS (original) (raw)
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The thesis is devoted to study the social and political structure of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century according to the sultan's legislative acts – kanunname. These acts were the result of the secular tradition of the ottoman lawmaking. The analysis of the texts of the kanunname gives author grounds to assert that their introduction by Fatih Sultan Mehmed II in the second half of the 15th century opened in the XVIth century a new page in the legislation of the Ottoman Empire. The act of the kanun of Selim I (1512-1520), Suleiman I (1520-1566), the regional kanunname during the reign of Murad III (1574-1595) extended to all spheres of governance of the multinational state. Kanunname also regulated the rights and responsibilities of various social groups, the sizes and terms of punishment for criminal proceedings, the economic, social and legal status of askeri and reaya; the size, forms and methods of collecting taxes from people etc. The official status of the kanunname, which were created by the orders of the sultans, opened an opportunity for the formation and the organization of central and provincial government, the proper functioning of the administrative apparatus and the social and political institutions of the Ottoman empire. Despite that most decisions of state importance were taken in different central bodies, the governance of large territory, control over the execution of orders, establishment of relations between different groups of multi-ethnic population of the empire, which lived mostly not in the metropolitan area, but in the provinces, needed the constant functioning of local authorities. The author notes that the system of local authorities was formed by representatives of the military-administrative (sipahi-timarli, sanjakbey, beylerbey, the Grand Vizier), judicial (qadis (judges), kazaskers, sheikh-ul-Islam) and financial (defterdars) lines of the Ottoman government, whose main task was to organize and strengthen the communications between the province and the center. Much attention in the thesis is given to the description of the place and role, rights and duties of beylerbey, sanjakbey, qadi (judge), defterdar and other local managers at the system of the ottoman provincial administration. Together with the establishment of a system of public administration ottoman rulers paid much attention to the social system of the empire. At the top of the ottoman society was the sultan, whose most important task was to support the existing social system. Ottoman society was divided into two main social groups: an askeri – a group of administrators and a reaya – a tax-paying lower group. The division in society was based on a hierarchical order, where the existence of privileges and limited access to power played a big role. The askeri is a privileged upper group, they had power and money. With the permission of the sultan they were given the right to manage the reaya, ensure the process of production and create a culture. The askeri divided into "kalemiye" – officials, "seyfiye" – the military and "ilmiye" – spiritual persons and judges. The reaya is a group of subjects. It was group of producers – peasants and townspeople, which provided the state materially by work and payment of taxes. The author notes that putting the sultan's legislative acts into the scientific circulation of the national ottoman studies gives an opportunity to significantly expand the level of understanding of the processes of the social and political evolution of the Ottoman Empire at the turning point of the transition from the late Middle Ages to the Early Modern.
Ottoman Documents from the Holdings of “Prof. Alexander Fol” Historical Museum, Malko Tarnovo Town. Assoc. Prof. Hristian Atanassov PhD, Compiler, Introduction and Annotation, “Za Bukvite – O Pismeneh” Academic Publishing House, ISBN 978-619-185-332-8, Sofia, 2018, 100 p., 2018
The documents presented in the annotated collection of Ottoman documents are part of the holdings of “Prof. Alexander Fol” Historical Museum, Malko Tarnovo, Bulgaria. They contain extremely diverse information about the past of Bulgarians from Strandzha region and are more than indicative of their lifestyle, marital and property status at that time. The popularization of these unpublished documents will allow all those interested in the subject to get acquainted with the history and culture of Bulgarians from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century.
2015
This dissertation aims to evaluate the socioeconomic structure of the Early Ottoman Period, and is based on an archaeological approach to reconstructing the early Ottoman state and its foundation. In this context, the settlement patterns of the region between Eskişehir and Bilecik and their reflection on settlement distribution and modification from the Late Byzantine to Early Ottoman Periods will be analyzed and interpreted using archaeological and historical data through the reconstruction of the Early Ottoman landscape in the region. The dissertation first examines archeological evidence relating to the Late Byzantine and Early Ottoman periods, including pottery and architecture. In the second part, it presents the extant evidence for and critical analyses of the relevant historical data dating a period from Mantzikert to Bapheus Battles. Through these evidences, the collected data from archaeological survey in the research area in Eskişehir and Bilecik provinces are analyzed. In this analysis, the data is discussed in viii to work and study in Karacahisar. I will remember every time the helps and supports
A CRITICAL LOOK AT THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE'S ARCHAEOLOGY POLICIES IN THE LIGHT OF THE LAWS OF ANTIQUITIES
The Ottoman Empire had many different archaeological works in its borders that remained from predecessor states. However, how they should evaluate these works came into question only with the nineteenth century. People in the provinces named these antique works "painted stone" and "old stone." The provisions of law about the so-called "āsār-ı ʿatīka" topic gained certainty with the Laws of Antiquity of 1869, 1874, and 1884 in the empire. In this article, the Ottoman Empire's pragmatic policy on antique works with the effect of the Imperial Museum and the laws of antiquity will be discussed.
Ottoman court chroniclers had definite notions of the past, and of the proper nature, use, and form of history. Oftentimes, they reveal these ideas in the prefaces of their works. An examination of seven prefaces from eighteenth-century court histories shows an ideal practice of history-writing quite different from modern understandings. This practice is intensely moral and practical; it also suggests that historians should produce works beautiful in-and-of-themselves. Like medieval and pre-modern European historiography, eighteenth-century Ottoman court chronicles aimed to be true and useful in an exemplary sense, and also pleasing to the senses. Truth, utility, and form were thus closely linked elements of good history-writing. Keywords: Ottoman Empire – Eighteenth-Century – court history – historiography Özet Osmanlı resmi tarihçileri (vakanüvisler), geçmişe ve tarihçiliğin uygun tabiatı, faydası ve biçimine dair belirli düşüncelere sahiptiler. Eserlerin mukaddimelerinde bu yaklaşımlar zaman zaman açıklanmıştır. Onsekizinci yüzyıl Osmanlı resmi tarihlerinden yedi tane mukaddimenin incelenmesi, modern anlayışa benzemeyen ideal bir tarihsel uygulamanın varlığını göstermektedir. Bu uygulama çok törel ve pratiktir ve tarih eserlerinin özünde güzel olması lazım geldiğini de akla getirmektedir. Onsekizinci yüzyıl Osmanlı resmi tarihçileri eserlerinin, Ortaçağ ve modern öncesi Avrupa'ya özgü tarih yazıcılığı gibi örnek niteliğinde olan, bir anlamda gerçek, faydalı ve de memnuniyet verici olmasını amaçlamışlardır. Bu nedenle, hakikat, yararlılık ve biçim, iyi tarih yazıcılığının yakından bağlantılı unsurlarından olmuşlardır.