Determinants of Turkish Foreign Policy: Changing Patterns and Conjunctures During the Cold War (original) (raw)

Determinants of Turkish Foreign Policy

Turkish Foreign Policy I, 2019

Introduction Determinants of Turkish Foreign Policy Turkish Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period, 1919-1939 Turkey’s Cold-War Policies, 1945-1980 Foreign Policy Setting at the End of the Cold War, 1980-2000 Challenges of the Post-Cold War Era and Ensuing Changes since 2000

Turkish Foreign Policy; Old Problems, New Parameters

2010

Turkish foreign policy has undergone an overarching change in recent years. The first decade of the twenty-first century has seen a transformation of Turkey into a cooperative and conciliatory neighbor and wiling international partner. The activism of the former president Turgut Ozal during the early 1990s, focusing on economic cooperation was followed, in late 1990s, by the then foreign minister, Ismail Cem, who focused on Turkey’s immediate neighborhood to create a ring of friendly countries around Turkey. Yet the current transformation is culminated with the rise of AKP government and especially its current foreign minister, Ahmet Davudoglu, into power. This book assesses that transformation and presents its background as well as its current form.

Special Issue on Turkish Foreign Policy

New Perspectives on Turkey, 2009

CONTENTS - NEW PERSPECTIVES ON TURKEY, VOLUME 40 Editors’ Intro.: Special issue on Turkish Foreign Policy by Mustafa Aydın & Kemal Kirişci Globalization, modernity and democracy: In search of a viable domestic polity for a sustainable Turkish foreign policy - E. Fuat Keyman The transformation of Turkish foreign policy: The rise of the trading state - Kemal Kirişçi Public choice and foreign affairs: Democracy and international relations in Turkey - Ersin Kalaycıoğlu Facing its Waterloo in diplomacy: Turkey's military in the foreign policy-making process - Gencer Özcan Securing Turkey through western-oriented foreign policy - Pınar Bilgin Reconstructing Turkish-American relations: Divergences versus convergences - Mustafa Aydın The role of temporality and interaction in the Turkey-EU relationship - Atila Eralp Worldviews and Turkish foreign policy in the Middle East - Meliha Benli Altunışık Turkey and Eurasia: Frontiers of a new geographic imagination - Bülent Aras and Hakan Fidan Multiplying vectors: A framework for maximizing Turkey's freedom in formulating and implementing foreign policy - İlter Turan Turkish foreign policy: Limits of engagement - Ahmet O. Evin

Turkish Foreign policy, Determinant and Capabiliti.pdf

Turkey has become a great infuential country in world politics because of its determinants and capabilities like geopolitical positioning, economic development, historical and leadership which influence a lot in its foreign policy. After the September 11 terror attacks in New York, the strategic importance of Turkey is increased. The importance of Turkey is also known from the geographical location between Europe, the Middle East and Asia.Turkey is also a modern Muslim country and culturally stands as a bridge between Western and Islamic world. Turkey is also playing big role in the distribution of energy from Middle East to Europe. Turkey is playing a very affective role in the region as a leader, mediator and in the betterment of the foreign policies of Islamic and Western world. This report is about the strategic role for Turkey in the new era. In the region Turkey has strong relationships among all neighbors, including Israel, Russia and Arabic nations. Turkey is a member of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) since 1952 and a strategic partner of United States. All of these issues influences Turkish foreign policy.

Turkey's Foreign Policy: Opportunities and Constraints in a New Era

Social Research: An International Quarterly, 88(2), 539-560., 2021

Union and the reshuffling of regional and global alliances, Malik Mufti took note of how Turkish political elites confronted this new world. He wrote, "those responsible for determining its foreign policy-motivated by considerations of fear, honor and profit-are casting their eyes back in time in search of clues on how best to proceed" (1998, 32). According to Mufti, what shaped the elites' response to the changing circumstances was a combination of external threats and opportunities coupled with domestic constraints. Focusing on strategic culture, he identified two competing lines among the foreign policy elites: daring and caution. Until the 1990s, Turkey's foreign policy establishment continued to err on the side of caution based on lessons learned from the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. According to this view, the Ottoman Empire collapsed mainly as a result of Ottoman elites' adventurous foreign policy and their expansionist and greedy outlook. More importantly, during the Cold War, the hallmark of Turkish foreign policy was an approach that prioritized a stable national interest defined by the sanctity of Turkey's borders and a predominantly Western orientation (Aydın 2000). This high degree of continuity and uniformity was not just limited to Turkey, as the foreign policies of small and middle-sized countries mostly reflected the bipolar nature of the international system that left little room for developing an independent

TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY IN THE FACE OF REGIONAL AND GLOBAL CHALLENGES

This article essentially posits that Türkiye took advantage of the deepening competition between global powers under the Justice and Development Party (AK Party) to part ways with its traditional foreign policy tradition and pursue a more independent approach. That the country expanded its economic and military capacity significantly during the relevant period to support a balanced policy between the West, Russia, and China is another major argument. To put those claims to the test, this article primarily analyzes the expansion of Türkiye's economic and military capacity and proceeds to focus on its policy toward the deepening rivalry between the West and Russia (due to the Ukraine war) and how it responded to the "rise of Asia. " Last but not least, this piece analyzes Türkiye's pursuit of a more independent foreign policy, how the country clashed with the U.S., the European Union, and Russia as well as their allies on the ground, and how Ankara used its policy of balance to keep a lid on those tensions.

Turkish Foreign Policy at the End of the Cold War; Roots and Dynamics

Starting with the military coup of September 12, 1980, Turkey had experienced fundamental changes in its political structure, economic system, social strata, cultura! patterns, religious expressionism, and foreign policy. With the end of the Cold War ten years after, the world entered a period of historic systemic changes. A!ong the way, Turkey moved suddenly from a staunchly pro-western isolationist existence in its immediate neighbourhood into a central posture with an intention to have an effect across a vast region extending 'from eastern Europe to western China'. This change in Turkey's stance and mentality was due to wider changes experienced within and around Turkey during the 1980s. This paper, employing theoretic and practical explanations, explores Turkey's transformation in domestic and foreign policies during the 1980s and early 1990s, in order to set the stage to the analysis of Turkish foreign policy at the end of the Cold War. It will specifically look at the nature of the political regime, socio-economic dynamics, and external environment as factors that brought about change in Turkish foreign policy in the wake of the end of the Cold War.

General Framework of Turkish Foreign Policy Since the Late Ottoman Era (3rd Chapter)

The Foreign Policy of Modern Turkey: Power and the Ideology of Eurasianism, 2017

Turkey is a successor state to the Ottoman Empire, one of the largest and longest Empires in history.2 Yet, the Empire was never accepted as equal to the Western powers, even though it was part of the Concert of Europe. From cultural and political perspectives, the Ottoman Empire was perceived by some of the European powers as a danger to the community of Europe and was not sharing certain values and norms such as Christianity and Europeanness. It might be said that present-day Turkey has also been experiencing similar identity problems. This is one of the main impetuses, which leads Turkey to strive to become one of the regional powers in order to cope with those problems and to become an indispensable ally to the Western countries, especially the US.

Turkish Foreign Policy Trends Since 2002

Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 2015

In recent years, the Turkish new foreign policy has caused a lot of debate in the field of politics as many researches and analysis centres have kept busy discussing the new Turkish policies. It has also drawn the attention of the big countries that are concerned about the changes in the region as they may affect their interests in it, especially when Turkey has gone with full power and capability towards the East trying to play a vital role. It is worth mentioning that Turkey has attempted over many years to enter the European Union and fulfilled most of the required conditions for that purpose. However, such attempt still encounters many obstacles with regard to joining the European Union. Due to such difficulty, Turkey has directed its political and diplomatic attention towards the region in an attempt to restore its leadership position through playing an essential role in the regional conflicts and initiating solutions and suggestions for peace. The new policy is based on the theory of zero problems raised by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Dr. Ahmed Oglu, thus it strives to end the territorial disputes with neighbouring countries to achieve greater stability and focus attention and activity on stabilizing the foreign relations. Turkey has also struggled to overcome the internal problems that limit its outward growing role.