Jesuit Science in America: The Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists (1922–66) (original) (raw)

Abstract

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This article discusses the history and significance of the Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists, published from 1922 to 1966. It explores the bulletin's role in documenting Jesuit contributions to various scientific fields, and its broader impact on Catholic education in the U.S. It provides insights into the evolving professionalization of Jesuit scholars, their challenges, and their responses to scientific and religious controversies during a transformative period in American education.

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What factors influenced the Jesuits' scientific activities in the 1920s and 1930s?add

The paper reveals that European Jesuits significantly influenced American Jesuits, who engaged in 'limited but promising' scientific work by fostering networking and collaboration among educators.

How did the Bulletin's content evolve throughout its publication period?add

The Bulletin adapted over four decades, transitioning from news articles and abstracts to fully developed research papers, reflecting shifts in topics from basic science education to advanced biochemistry and astrophysics.

What role did the Jesuit Seismological Association play in the Bulletin's context?add

The Bulletin highlighted the Jesuit Seismological Association, founded by James B. Macelwane in 1925, which synthesized data from multiple observatories to enhance earthquake detection, influencing contemporary seismological studies.

How did the Macelwane Report impact Jesuit higher education?add

The Macelwane Report of 1932 criticized 'inertia of local traditions' and called for reform, promoting academic professionalism and asserting the need for Jesuits to engage more robustly in scientific research.

What challenges did Jesuit scientists face in achieving academic recognition?add

The Association's struggle for prestige stemmed from a concentration of federal research funds in secular universities, leaving Jesuit institutions disadvantaged despite significant contributions in various scientific fields.

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  3. James B. Macelwane: born September 28, 1883, Port Clinton, Ohio; entered August 31, 1903;
  4. died February 15, 1956, St. Louis (DHCJ 3:2454-55). For a lengthier biographical note, see Agustín Udías, Jesuit Contribution to Science: A History (Dordrecht: Springer, 2015), 203-7.
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  9. Henry M. Brock: born May 8, 1876, Boston; entered October 14, 1900; died September 8, 1966, Brookline (Mendizábal, Catalogus defunctorum, 30,664).
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  15. For a history of the Jesuits in the Philippines, see McGreevy, Catholicism and American Freedom, 179-209.
  16. John A. Pollock, "Marking in Biology," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 2, no. 3 (1925): 32; Henry B. McCullough, "The General Chemistry Course at the Ateneo de Ma- nilla," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 2, no. 3 (1925): 33-34;
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  19. Joseph P. Merrick Holy Cross College Richard B. Schmitt 1930-31 Richard B. Schmitt Loyola College, Baltimore Clarence E. Shaffrey 1931-32 Richard B. Schmitt Loyola College, Baltimore Clarence E. Shaffrey 1932-33 Richard B. Schmitt Loyola College, Baltimore Joseph J. Sullivan 1933-34 Richard B. Schmitt Loyola College, Baltimore Thomas H. Quigley 1934-35 Richard B. Schmitt Loyola College, Baltimore Francis W. Power 1935-36 Richard B. Schmitt Loyola College, Baltimore Henry M. Brock 1936-37 Richard B. Schmitt Loyola College, Baltimore Charles A. Berger 1937-38 Richard B. Schmitt Loyola College, Baltimore George A. O'Donnell 1938-39 Richard B. Schmitt Loyola College, Baltimore Emeran J. Kolkmeyer 1939-40 Richard B. Schmitt Loyola College, Baltimore John A. Tobin 1940-41 Anthony G. Carroll Boston College Richard B. Schmitt 1941-42
  20. Gerald F. Hutchinson Weston College Edward C. Phillips 1942-43
  21. Gerald F. Hutchinson Cheverus High School, Maine Edward C. Phillips 1943-44
  22. Gerald F. Hutchinson Cheverus High School, Maine Edward C. Phillips 1944-45
  23. Gerald F. Hutchinson Cheverus High School, Maine Edward C. Phillips 1945-46
  24. Gerald F. Hutchinson Cheverus High School, Maine Edward C. Phillips 1946-47
  25. Gerald F. Hutchinson Cheverus High School, Maine Frederick W. Sohon 29 Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 2, no. 3 (1925): 34.
  26. "Publications: A New Jesuit Textbook of Physics," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 4, no. 3 (1927): 35; "Fr. Wulf's New Text Book of Physics," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 4, no. 4 (1927): 40-41. Wulf was a pioneer in the study of cosmic rays, and his textbook was translated into English, French, and Spanish: Udías, Jesuit Contribution to Science, 217-18. 1947-48
  27. Gerald F. Hutchinson Cheverus High School, Maine Bernard A. Fiekers 1948-49
  28. Bernard A. Fiekers Holy Cross College John A. Frisch 1949-50
  29. Bernard A. Fiekers Holy Cross College John A. Frisch 1950-51 John J. McCarthy Weston College Francis J. Heyden 1951-52 John J. McCarthy Weston College Michael P. Walsh 1952-53 John J. McCarthy Weston College John S. O'Connor 1953-54 John J. McCarthy Boston College Thomas J. Smith 1954-55 John J. McCarthy Boston College George J. Hilsdorf 1955-56 John J. McCarthy Boston College John P. Delaney 1956-57
  30. Bernard A. Fiekers Holy Cross College Gerald F. Hutchinson 1957-58
  31. Bernard A. Fiekers Holy Cross College Joseph F. Mulligan 1958-59
  32. Bernard A. Fiekers Holy Cross College Joseph A. Duke 1959-60
  33. Bernard A. Fiekers Holy Cross College James K. Connolly 1960-61
  34. Bernard A. Fiekers Holy Cross College Clarence Schubert 1961-62
  35. James F. Smith Woodstock College James L. Harley 1962-63 Charles L. Currie Woodstock College James W. Skehan 1963-64
  36. George V. Coyne Woodstock College James J. Ruddick 1964-65
  37. George V. Coyne Woodstock College James J. Ruddick 1965-66
  38. James F. Gilroy Woodstock College James J. Fischer 34 "Proposed New Institute of Georgetown," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 2, no. 4 (1925): 41
  39. George L. Coyle: born December 11, 1869, Philadelphia; entered December 31, 1887; died Jan- uary 16, 1932, New York (Richard B. Schmitt, Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 9, no. 3 [1932]: 109-11).
  40. While a teacher of chemistry at Holy Cross, he published three handbooks for his students: George L. Coyle, Notes on Basic Analysis (Worcester, MA: Skelley, 1914);
  41. Coyle, Notes on Acid Analysis (Worcester, MA: Skelley, 1915);
  42. Coyle, Notes on Dry Analysis (Worcester, MA: Skelley, 1918).
  43. Schmitt, "Rev. George L. Coyle, S.J.," 110.
  44. Joseph E. Early, "Science and Story at Georgetown," in Georgetown at Two Hundred: Faculty Reflections on the University's Future, ed. William C. McFadden (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1990), 185-99, here 187-88.
  45. "The Total Eclipse," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 2, no. 3 (1924): 26;
  46. Edward C. Phillips, "Woodstock," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 2, no. 3 (1924): 26-27;
  47. William C. Repetti, "Poughkeepsie," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 2, no. 3 (1924): 27; Thomas J. Love, "Buffalo," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 2, no. 3 (1924): 27-28; "Weston," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 2, no. 3 (1924): 28.
  48. Francis A. Tondorf: born July 17, 1870, Boston; entered August 14, 1888; died November 29, 1929, Washington, DC (Mendizábal, Catalogus defunctorum, 18,071).
  49. "Two Noted Seismologists," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 4, no. 3 (1927): 33-34; "Father F. Tondorf a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society of London," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 4, no. 4 (1927): 42; "Father Macelwane First Chair- man of the Newly Founded Eastern Section of the Seismological Society of America," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 3, no. 4 (1926): 52.
  50. Patrick Henry Yancey, "The Observation of Earth Currents at the Observatory of the Ebro," Bul- letin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 3, no. 5 (1926): 55-56.
  51. "Jesuit Cooperation in the World Longitude Determination," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 4, no. 1 (1926): 12-13.
  52. Pierre Teilhard de Chardin: born May 1, 1881, Orcines, France; entered March 20, 1899; died April 10, 1955, Aix-en-Provence, France (DHCJ 4:3714-17).
  53. "Varia," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 1, no. 5 (1924): 10-11; "French Jesuit President of the French Geological Society," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 3, no. 5 (1926): 60.
  54. Johann Georg Hagen: born March 6, 1847, Bregenz, Austria; entered October 1, 1863; died Sep- tember 6, 1930, Rome, Italy (DHCJ 2:1864-65). See also Agustín Udías, "The Correspondence of Johann Georg Hagen, First Jesuit Director of the Vatican Observatory, with Directors of Jesuit Ob- servatories," Journal of Jesuit Studies 3, no. 2 (2016): 259-78; Sabino Maffeo, La Specola Vaticana: Nove papi, una missione (Vatican City: Pubblicazioni della Specola Vaticana, 2001).
  55. "Father Hagen and His Jubilee," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 1, no. 3 (1924): 3; "Father Hagen Honored by the Holy Father," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 4, no. 3 (1927): 32-33; "Celebration of Father Hagen's Eightieth Birthday in Rome," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 4, no. 4 (1927): 41-42.
  56. "Rev. John G. Hagen, S.J.," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 8, no. 2 (1930): 5-6. "With humble recognition of their untiring devotion to the cause of science," the num- ber of December 1930 was dedicated to the memory of John G. Hagen and meteorologist José Algué (1856-1930): Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 8, no. 2 (1930): 4.
  57. Richard B. Schmitt: born July 14, 1888, Brooklyn; entered July 14, 1906; died August 11, 1945, Poughkeepsie (Mendizábal, Catalogus defunctorum, 23,574).
  58. In 1939, membership of AAJS was as follows: biology (forty-five); chemistry (thirty-eight); math- ematics (fifty-three); philosophy of science (fifteen); physics (sixty). The association to a specific section was not exclusive, and there were occasional overlaps between the sections of mathematics, physics, and philosophy and science.
  59. William P. Leahy, Adapting to America: Catholics, Jesuits, and Higher Education in the Twenti- eth Century (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1991), 33-65. See also Raymond A. Schroth, The American Jesuits: A History (New York: New York University Press, 2007), 181-82.
  60. O'Donnell, Jesuits in the North American Colonies and the United States, 75.
  61. Leahy, Adapting to America, 53.
  62. Leahy, Adapting to America, 55.
  63. Leahy, Adapting to America, 56.
  64. Daniel M. O'Connell: born August 27, 1885, Louisville; entered July 25, 1903; died July 29, 1958, West Baden Springs (DHCJ 3:2845).
  65. Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 13, no. 1 (1935): 5. 58 Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 14, no. 1 (1936): 16.
  66. Francis W. Power: born June 19, 1893, Worcester; entered September 7, 1919; died December 16, 1944, New York (Mendizábal, Catalogus defunctorum, 23,283).
  67. Francis W. Power, "Research in Catholic Schools," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 13, no. 1 (1935): 9-16.
  68. Power, "Research in Catholic Schools," 12.
  69. Power, "Research in Catholic Schools," 15.
  70. Power, "Research in Catholic Schools," 14.
  71. Power, "Research in Catholic Schools," 16.
  72. Zacheus J. Maher: born April 10, 1891, Batavia, New York; entered September 7, 1914; died June 9, 1952, New York (DHCJ 3:2473-74).
  73. Zacheus J. Maher, "Letter to Rev. Richard B. Schmitt, S.J.," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 18, no. 1 (1940): 14.
  74. Richard B. Schmitt, "Science and Philosophy," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 18, no. 1 (1940): 15-18.
  75. Joseph P. Kelly, "Rev. Richard B. Schmitt, S.J.," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 23, no. 2 (1945): 37-41.
  76. Kelly, "Rev. Richard B. Schmitt, S.J.," 38.
  77. "Volumetric Dry Combustion Method for Carbon," September 1937, Rochester, NY; "Molecular Weight Determination by Isothermic Methods," September 1940, Detroit, Michigan; "Molecular Weight Determination by Isothermic Micro-distillation," September 1941, Atlantic City, NJ: Kelly, "Rev. Richard B. Schmitt, S.J.," 38-39.
  78. Pietro Angelo Secchi: born June 28, 1818, Reggio Emilia, Italy; entered November 3, 1833; died February 26, 1878, New York (DHCJ 4:3542-43). For a biography, see Ileana Chinnici, Decoding the Stars: A Biography of Angelo Secchi, Jesuit and Scientist (Leiden: Brill, 2019).
  79. Schmitt, "Science and Philosophy," 15.
  80. Schmitt, "Science and Philosophy," 16.
  81. Schmitt, "Science and Philosophy," 17.
  82. Schmitt, "Science and Philosophy," 17-18.
  83. James B. Macelwane, "The History of American Jesuits in Science," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 18, no. 1 (1940): 19-20; Thomas D. Barry, "A Century of Astron- omy: The Georgetown University Observatory," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 18, no. 1 (1940): 20-21.
  84. Alphonse R. Schmitt, "Jesuit Contributions to Meteorology," Bulletin of the American Associa- tion of Jesuit Scientists 18, no. 1 (1940): 26; Michael J. Ahern, "The Society and the Geological Sciences," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 18, no. 1 (1940): 27-28;
  85. John P. Delaney, "Jesuit Contributions to Our Knowledge of Sunspots," Bulletin of the American Associa- tion of Jesuit Scientists 18, no. 1 (1940): 28; James B. Macelwane, "Map Making and the Society," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 18, no. 1 (1940): 28; Victor C. Stechschulte, "Terrestrial Magnetism," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 18, no. 1 (1940): 29.
  86. Joseph M. Kelley, "Musurgia universalis of Athanasius Kircher," Bulletin of the American Asso- ciation of Jesuit Scientists 18, no. 1 (1940): 58; Vicgtor C. Stechschulte, "The 'Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae' of Athanasius Kircher, S.J.," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 18, no. 1 (1940): 59. For an excellent introduction to Kircher, see Paula Findlen, ed., Athanasius Kircher: The Last Man Who Knew Everything (London: Routledge, 2004).
  87. Joseph P. Lynch, "Jesuit Biologists of the Old Society," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 18, no. 1 (1940): 40.
  88. Edward Charles Phillips: born November 4, 1877, Germantown, Pennsylvania; entered August 14, 1898; died May 9, 1952, Poughkeepsie (DHCJ 3:3122-23).
  89. Hugh J. Biller, "Father Edward C. Phillips, 1877-1952," Woodstock Letters 82, no. 1 (1953): 65- 91, here 69-70.
  90. Biller, "Father Edward C. Phillips, 1877-1952," 74.
  91. Edward C. Phillips and Thomas D. Barry, "Occultations of Stars by the Moon," Astronomical Journal 38, no. 892 (1927): 51-52; Astronomical Journal 38, no. 903 (1928): 143-44.
  92. Biller, "Father Edward C. Phillips, 1877-1952," 76-77. 85 Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 6, no. 1 (1929): 3.
  93. Edward C. Phillips, "The Correspondence of Father Clavius, Preserved in the Archives of Pontif. Gregorian University," Archivum historicum Societatis Iesu 8 (1939): 193-222. For a modern edi- tion of Clavius's letters, see Christoph Clavius, Corrispondenza, ed. Ugo Baldini and Pier Daniele Napolitani, 7 vols. (Pisa: Università di Pisa-Dipartimento di Matematica, 1992).
  94. Edward C. Phillips, "Original Manuscripts of the Mathematical Works of Christopher Clavius," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 18, no. 1 (1940): 51.
  95. Edward C. Phillips, "The Proposals of Father Christopher Clavius, S.J., for Improving the Teach- ing of Mathematics," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 18, no. 4 (1941): 203- 8. The two autographs were preserved at the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma and were in- cluded in the Monumenta paedagogica Societatis Jesu, quae primam Rationem studiorum anno 1586 editam praecessere (Madrid: Typis A. Avrial, 1901), 471-76.
  96. Edward C. Phillips, "An Autograph Letter from Fr. Secchi," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 17, no. 3 (1940): 128-31. The letter was preserved at the archives of the Grego- rian University, Rome.
  97. James L. Harley, "A High School Biology Syllabus," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 18, no. 1 (1940): 36; Paul L. Carroll, "Cross Section Anatomy of the Frog," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 18, no. 1 (1940): 37-38.
  98. Francis W. Power, "Some Results on Analyzed Samples in Quantitative Analysis," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 18, no. 1 (1940): 43-44;
  99. T. Joseph Brown, "A Comparison of Methods Used in the Determination of Chloramine," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 18, no. 1 (1940): 44; Richard. B. Schmitt, "Three Micro Methods for Molecular Weight Determinations," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 18, no. 1 (1940): 46;
  100. George M. Tipton, "Quantitative Analysis of Spectrographic Methods," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 18, no. 1 (1940): 48.
  101. James B. Macelwane, "Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum," Bulletin of the American Asso- ciation of Jesuit Scientists 18, no. 1 (1940): 26.
  102. John A Tobin, "Cosmic Ray Telescopes," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 18, no. 1 (1940): 55.
  103. John S. O'Connor: born March 19, 1908, Tulsa, Oklahoma; entered September 2, 1926; died June 28, 1954, Chicago (Mendizábal, Catalogus defunctorum, 26,460).
  104. John S. O'Connor, "Developments in Beta Ray Spectroscopy," Bulletin of the American Associ- ation of Jesuit Scientists 18, no. 1 (1940): 54.
  105. Leahy, Adapting to America, 56.
  106. The literature on the relations between science and religion is overwhelming. For an overview, see John Hedley Brooke, Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives (Cambridge: Cam- bridge University Press, 1991). See also Peter Harrison, The Territories of Science and Religion
  107. Anthony C. Cotter (Kottermair): born September 21, 1879, Ainried (Bavaria), Germany; entered October 20, 1899; died June 13, 1954, Boston (DHCJ 2:985);
  108. Eric Wasmann: born May 29, 1859, Meran, Austria; entered September 29, 1875; died February 27, 1931, Valkenburg, Netherlands (DHCJ 4:4016-18).
  109. Anthony C. Cotter, "Fr. Erich Wasmann on Evolution," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 4, no. 3 (1927): 27-31, here 28.
  110. Cotter, "Fr. Erich Wasmann on Evolution," 30.
  111. Power, "Research in Catholic Schools," 13.
  112. Henry M. Brock, "Some Limitations of Physical Science," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 14, no. 1 (1936): 8-14, here 8.
  113. Pius XII, Humani generis, August 12, 1950, no. 36.
  114. Joseph Franklin Ewing, "The Synthetic Theory of Evolution," Bulletin of the American Associ- ation of Jesuit Scientists 29, no. 2 (1952): 47-58, here 55.
  115. Raymond J. McWilliams: born January 22, 1893 Paterson; entered January 12, 1913; died Feb- ruary 12, 1946, New Jersey (Catalogs of the Province of Maryland-New York [1914-1930];
  116. "Rev.
  117. Raymond Joseph McWilliams, Native Patersonian, Dies in Jersey City," Morning Call [February 13, 1946]).
  118. Raymond J. McWilliams, "Nordics, Supermen, Race, and Recent Scientific Literature," Bulletin of the American Association of Jesuit Scientists 3, no. 3 (1926): 38-39.
  119. McWilliams, "Nordics, Supermen, Race and Recent Scientific Literature." 113 The last list of members of AAJS was published in 1949. That year, the association counted 206 associates.
  120. Bernard A. Fiekers: born January 19, 1906, Cambridge, MA; entered September 7, 1927; died January 9, 1973, Worcester (Verástegui, Catalogus defunctorum, 132).
  121. Homann, "Source for the History of American Catholic Education," 31.
  122. "How to Prepare Applications for Grants-in-Aid for Research Projects," Bulletin of the American Associational of Jesuit Scientists 32, no. 2 (1955): 31-37.
  123. John P. Delaney: born March 6, 1906, Liverpool, England; entered February 1, 1922; died Janu- ary 12, 1956, Baguio, Philippines (DHCJ 2:1070-71).
  124. John P. Delaney, "The Atom and the Cross," Bulletin of American Association of Jesuit Scientists 31, no. 1 (1953): 8-10, here 8.
  125. Geiger, History of American Higher Education, 348.
  126. Geiger, History of American Higher Education, 492.
  127. Geiger, History of American Higher Education, 496. For the case of Stanford, see Rebecca S. Lowen, Creating the Cold War University: The Transformation of Stanford (Berkeley, CA: Univer- sity of California Press, 2010). See also James G. Hershberg, James B. Conant: Harvard to Hiroshima and the Making of the Nuclear Age (New York: Knopf, 1993).
  128. J. [John] L. Heilbron and Robert W. Seidel, Lawrence and His Laboratory: A History of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, vol. 1 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).
  129. Geiger, History of American Higher Education, 529.
  130. Geiger, History of American Higher Education, 546.
  131. Geiger, History of American Higher Education, 547.
  132. Roger L. Geiger, American Higher Education since World War II: A History (Princeton: Prince- ton University Press, 2019), 74-75. See also Geiger, "Science, Universities, and National Defense, 1945-1970," Osiris 7 (1992): 26-48.
  133. Geiger, American Higher Education, 77-78. See also David Kaiser, ed., Becoming MIT: Mo- ments of Decision (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010).
  134. Geiger, American Higher Education, 94-95.
  135. Geiger, American Higher Education, 364.
  136. Leahy, Adapting to America, 134.
  137. Leahy, Adapting to America, 135.
  138. Leahy, Adapting to America, 138-47.
  139. Power, "Research in Catholic Schools," 16.