COMPARATIVE ANTIBACTERIAL STRENGTH ANALYSIS OF THREE COMMONLY USED ANTIBIOTICS IN AUCHI (original) (raw)
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Comparison of the Antibacterial Activities of Different Antibiotics Against Clinical Isolates
Pakistan BioMedical Journal, 2022
Antibiotic resistance is the capacity of certain strains of bacteria to develop a tolerance to specific antibiotics to which they were once sensitive Objective: To evaluate the antibiotic resistance by measuring the zone of inhibition in terms of sensitivity S, and resistance R. Methods: A total of 1000 clinical isolates collected from different samples were obtained. Antibacterial activities were evaluated by performing antibiotic susceptibility pattern of all clinical isolates against 20 commercial antibiotic discs (Oxicillin, Gatifloxacin, Ampicillin, Levofloxacin, Meteronidazole, Ofloxacin, Tazocin, Cefotaxime, Ciprofloxacin, Augmintin, Vancomycin, Linezolid, Fusidic Acid, Nalidixic Acid, Erythromycin, Klaricid, Amoxicillin, Gentamycin, Norfloxacin And Vibramycin) by using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: A total of 1000 clinical isolates had been identified where Staphylococcus Aureus showed the highest prevalence 410(41.0%), next to Pseudomonas species 144(14.4%), E...
Journal of Pharmaceutical Care, 2014
Background: Antibiotics prescribed in the presumptuous treatment of infections may be ineffective if causative pathogens acquire resistance to prescribed antibiotics. In the absence of patient follow ups for treatment outcome assessments, healthcare providers may be unaware of the effectiveness of antibiotic treatments they provide. In the empiric treatment of infections particularly, such situations may compromise appropriate selection of antibiotics. The study aimed at assessing the effectiveness of antibiotics prescribed in the empiric treatment of infections using a methodology based on information derived from antibiograms. Method: Culture sensitivity test results and relevant data on antibiotic treatment among inpatients from selected hospitals were used to construct an antibiogram and also determine pathogen associations with infections and antibiotics most frequently prescribed in their empiric treatment. Parameters describing levels of antibiotic activities against pathogens associated with given infections were defined and used to evaluate the effectiveness of prescribed antibiotics. Clinical validity of results was assessed by comparing results of a simultaneous treatment outcome evaluation of antibiotic treatments of selected infections carried out. Results: The methodology was used to successfully evaluate the effectiveness of commonly prescribed antibiotics. Ampicillin and co-trimoxazole, two of the antibiotics most prescribed in the empiric treatment of infections, were predicted to be grossly ineffective in treating staphylococcal and Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) infections for which they were observed to be prescribed. Conclusion: Polymicrobial causes of infections attributable mainly to gram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacilli were established as an etiological feature of most infections. Multiple antibiotic treatments were shown, in effect, to be more effective than single use of the agents in treating most infections. jpc.tums.ac.ir
AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
In this study, an assessment of the efficacies, potencies and qualities of 11 brands of 5 different antibiotics including 3 brands of ampiclox and 2 brands each of ciprofolxacin, gentamicin, rifampicin and tetracylcine sold in Calabar, South-South region of Nigeria was carried out using the agar diffusion technique (sensitivity testing). The efficacies, potencies and qualities of these antibiotics were tested against some clinical isolates which include Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes in vitro. The overall mean zones of inhibition for the test organisms ranged from 33.0-34.7 mm, with 33 mm for E. coli, 20.9 mm for K. pneumoniae, 34.7 mm for P. aeruginosa, 31.4 mm for S. aureus and 17.6 mm for S. pyogenes. The result showed that 3 (60%) of the antibiotics (alaclox, ciprofloxacin and rifampicin) tested showed lower potency against the test organisms compared with the standard controls. Alaclox produced significantly (P < 0.05) lower zones of inhibition compared to the other brands of ampiclox (superclox and vitaclox) on S. aureus and S. pyogenes. However, significant differences (P = 0.007, P = 0.026, P = 0.050, P = 0.012) were observed between the zones of inhibition of the test antibiotics and standard controls for the 3 brands of ampiclox tested on all the test organisms except for K. pneumoniae. There were also significant differences (P
THE SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF SOME ANTIBIOTICS AGAINST CLINICAL ISOLATES OF Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research, 2009
Combination therapy of antibiotics can be used against multi drug resistant bacteria. In vitro investigation of two antibiotics combinations regimens were used against multi drug resistant local isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that isolated from chronic otitis media patients to determine the usability of combination therapy for the treatment. The first attempt of combination therapy regimen was tested for synergy between MIC of Rifampicin 4µg/ml with MICs of Tri-methoprim 50µg/ml, Cephlexin 50µg/ml, Tetracyclin 45µg/ml, Gentamicin 4µg/ml, and Erythromycin 40µg/ml, respectively in nutrient broth medium, the results yielded synergistic action in the combination therapy of Rifampicin and Erythromycin, confirmed spectrophotometrically. The second attempt of combination therapy examined against the same isolates on nutrient agar medium between MIC of Ciprofloxacin 20µg/ml and MICs of Rifampicin 4µg/ml, Gentamicin 4µg/ml, Streptomicin 4µg/ml, Tobramicin 3µg/ml respectively, the results were exhibited full synergistic bactericidal activity that took place for four combinations therapy with MIC of Ciprofloxacin in combination with the MICs of other antibiotics.
New antibiotics: optimal use in current clinical practice
International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 2009
The optimal choice of antibacterial therapy among the few available options for infections caused by pathogens with advanced antimicrobial drug resistance is fundamental to maximize clinical effectiveness and minimize the likelihood for further resistance development. We herein review the available data on the effectiveness of antibiotics introduced in clinical practice during the past 10 years for specific clinical indications. Quinupristin-dalfopristin, linezolid, daptomycin and tigecycline have increased the available therapeutic options against specific types of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium infections. The newer fluoroquinolones, moxifloxacin and gemifloxacin, along with the ketolide telithromycin and the oral third-generation cephalosporin cefditoren are particularly valuable for the treatment of specific types of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae infections. Tigecycline appears as a promising therapeutic option for infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae producing extendedspectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), or multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Ertapenem and doripenem may be particularly useful against infections caused by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae and multidrugresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively.
EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF COMMERCIAL ANTIBIOTICS AGAINST SELECTIVE CLINICAL ISOLATES
European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, 2016
In the current study, the antimicrobial activities of some of the commercially available Antibiotics were evaluated against selected clinical Isolates. The Isolates (Test organisms) used were Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella, Streptococcus pyogenes. These bacterial cultures were grown in Trypticose soya broth & treated with drug (Test compounds) viz., Cotrimoxazole, Tetracycline, Amoxicillin, Cefixime, Erythromycin, Ciprofloxacin, Azithromycin & Gentamicin at different concentrations. After incubation, the antimicrobial activity was evaluated by measuring the inhibition zones.
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2021
Objective: This study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy and prescribing pattern of antibiotics in the skin and skin structure infections (SSTIs) at tertiary care teaching hospital. Methods: In this prospective observational study, an attempt was made to evaluate the efficacy and prescribing pattern of antibiotics. Subjects were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and patient case sheets were analyzed for patient demographic details, results of physical examination and laboratory parameters, and prescription pattern. Results: Cellulitis was the most common skin and skin structure infection among the subjects, followed by an ulcer. Few patients showed discomforts such as pain, swelling, and purulent discharge. Surgical procedure has been done in 76 patients. Out of 99 patients, 11 patients showed a prolonged length of stay (LOS) (≥16 d), which is an indication of the poor efficacy of antibiotics. Intravenous to oral antibiotic therapy switch was seen in 47 patients, which indicates that the patient's condition was improved. The mean length of hospital stay was 8.79 d. The majority of patients have been discharged within 15 d. Cephalosporins were the most frequently prescribed class of antibiotics in patients with skin and soft tissue infections. Metronidazole was the most frequently used antibiotic as monotherapy followed by cefuroxime. Piperacillin+Tazobactam was the most frequently used combination antibiotic. This study finds that the antibiotic treatment was efficacious in the majority of the patients. Conclusion: This study finds that the antibiotic treatment was efficacious in the majority of the patients.
2016
Infections caused by MDR pathogens are a therapeutic challenge as they are resistant to most of the antibiotics used in clinical practice. Combination antimicrobial therapy usually involving a carbapenem is frequently considered as the last viable strategy to treat such infections. Often antibiotics in combination therapy are empirically selected on basis of intuition and anecdotal reports. This study aims to determine in-vitro efficacy of antibiotic combinations devoid of carbapenems on MDR P. aeruginosa which will reveal the potential synergy between two antibiotics belonging to different chemical classes, especially when resistance to any one of them is present. Outcome of this study is expected to help in drafting healthy antibiotic policies and taking the pressure off carbepenems which are currently used overwhelmingly in clinical practice. This study was undertaken with the objective of studying the in-vitro effect of the following antibiotic combinations by chequer board assay: ceftazidime-amikacin, ceftazidime-ciprofloxacin, imepenem-amikacin and imepenemciprofloxacin, in 68 MDR clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. CAZ-AMK and IMP-AMK combinations showed synergistic effect in 80%-90% of MDR isolates with FICI ≤0.5. Higher rates of indifference (0.5>FICI≤2) and antagonism (FICI>2) were observed with combinations involving fluroquinolones. This study proves that in vitro antimicrobial activity of antibiotic combinations having 3rd or 4th generation cephalosporin with aminoglycosides is comparable to that of imepenem tested alone or in combination. Therefore combinations devoid of carbepenems should be advocated to prolong the clinical usefulness of this antibiotic group.
Evaluation of Microbiological Assays of Antibiotics
The present study was aimed to assess and compare the potential inhibitory effects of some commonly used antibiotics against five clinically significant fecal coliforms, such as, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus subtilis and Shigella shigae by in-vitro Kirby-Bauer and broth dilution methods. Identity of test organisms was confirmed based on microscopic examination, cultural, colony characteristics and biochemical profile (IMViC tests). Results of the present studies clearly demonstrated that, all the test organisms were proved to be Gram negative except B. subtilis is a Gram positive bacterium, however, only E. coli, B. subtilis and P. vulgaris were observed as motile. The results of the IMViC tests clearly demonstrated that, E. coli and P. vulgaris were positive to Indole, Methyl red tests, B. subtilis was positive to Voges-Proskauer test. Perhaps S. typhi showed positive to methyl red and citrate utilization tests. Sh. Shigae to Methyl-Red and Voges-Proskauer tests. Based on Kirby-Bauer studies it is clear that, S. typhi was found to be highly sensitive to penicillin and gentamycin, similarly, B. subtilis was sensitive to ampicillin antibiotics, where as, Sh. shigae was found to be sensitive to kanamycin. Broth dilution method: here, penicillin was effectively inhibited the growth of all selected pathogenic bacteria from 2 µg/ml, where as, streptomycin inhibited the growth of a majority of these pathogens from 1 µg/ml. Kanamycin was effective to S. typhi from 1 µg/ml itself, ampicillin to B. subtilis and P. vulgaris from 2µg/ml. Gentamycin was effective against E. coli and B. subtilis from 2 µg/ml itself. From these results, it is clear that, these microbial based natural products still appear as the promising source of the future antibiotics.