Inclusive representation (original) (raw)
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Varieties of Inclusive Representation
Dario Castiglione et Johannes Pollak (ed), Creating Political Presence. The New Politics of Democratic Representation, Chicago University Press, p. 141-161, 2019
The standard opposition between political representation and participation is based on an exclusionary conception of representation, in which representatives monopolize power. But representation can also be inclusive when it enables the represented to become present and act directly on the political stage. This chapter discusses different forms of inclusive representation. First, inclusion by representation may happen through the partisan politicization of citizens, when they observe, judge and acquire the language of professional politicians. Citizens can also become politicized through autonomous representative devices outside the institutions of representative government. Taking social domination into consideration, inclusive representation may concern dominated social groups: as they are specifically excluded by the institutions of representative government, they may require distinctive means of representation, inside or outside the institutionalized political field. However, collective inclusive representation may well be accompanied by extreme forms of exclusionary representation, when groups are spoken for with no possibility for their members to directly enter the political stage. This risk is especially high when dominated social groups are not fully recognized as such and may rely on representation in their processes of collective subjectivation. In all these cases, only direct participation of the represented, sometimes against their representatives, is a criterion of inclusive representation.
The Concept of Representation in Contemporary Democratic Theory
Annual Review of Political Science, 2008
Democratic theorists have paid increasing attention to problems of political representation over the past two decades. Interest is driven by (a) a political landscape within which electoral representation now competes with new and informal kinds of representation; (b) interest in the fairness of electoral representation, particularly for minorities and women; (c) a renewed focus on political judgment within democratic theory; and (d ) a new appreciation that participation and representation are complementary forms of citizenship. We review recent innovations within democratic theory, focusing especially on problems of fairness, constituency definition, deliberative political judgment, and new, nonelectoral forms of representation. 387 Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci. 2008.11:387-412. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org by University of British Columbia Library on 06/09/08. For personal use only. 388 Urbinati · Warren Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci. 2008.11:387-412. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org by University of British Columbia Library on 06/09/08. For personal use only. www.annualreviews.org • Representation and Democratic Theory
Re-founding Representation: Wider, Broader, Closer, Deeper
Political Studies Review, 2010
This article challenges conventional understandings and methodologies associated with the study of political representation. It imagines representation as a power relationship and shifts attention from elections to a closer examination of the interface between representatives and those they claim to represent. It argues for the need to make representation studies wider, moving our focus to study polities beyond the confines of prosperous, established democracies. Secondly, we should broaden our understanding of representation agents in two ways. We should consider how non-voters are represented and we should include diverse forms of social organisations, problematising relationships of representation within these groups and taking their political-representational role seriously. Thirdly, we should move closer, conducting not only macro-level analyses but also micro-level studies, exploring representation among and between individuals and groups in order to understand the complex relationships, motives and dynamics of power at work. Finally we need to go deeper, looking at our own subject positions as scholars critically and challenging the neutrality of the ideas and assumptions that we use as intellectual tools. Moreover, we should promote deeper relationships of representation, reconnecting it to ideas and practices of participation, and promoting the role of accountability in ‘closing the loop’ and enhancing democracy.
Political Inclusion and the Dynamics of Democratization
The American Political Science Review, 1996
Political Inclusion and the Dynamics of Democrafization ... O nce universal adult citizenship rights have been secured in a society, democratization is mostly a matter of the more authentic political inclusion of different ...
Constellations, 1997
Complaints about the quality of representation appear widely in contemporary politics. Angry citizens assail representatives for acting in elitist and narrowly self-interested ways. Some critiques target the inefficiency of legislative procedures. Others blame elected officials and interest groups for creating dense, corrupt networks of influence that prevent action on crucial matters. Participatory democrats and postmodern radicals often reject representation altogether in favor of immediacy and direct control. My argument takes a different direction. I will first discuss how debates about representation took shape during the Cold War, and how the end of that conflict changes the terms of debate. Then I propose a view of representation which differs in crucial ways from the main views advocated during the Cold War. I argue that the opposite of representation is not participation. The opposite of representation is exclusion. And the opposite of participation is abstention. Rather than opposing participation to representation, we should try to improve representative practices and forms to make them more open, effective, and fair. Representation is not an unfortunate compromise between an ideal of direct democracy and messy modern realities. Representation is crucial in constituting democratic practices. "Direct" democracy is not precluded by the scale of modern politics. It is unfeasible because of core features of politics and democracy as such.
Democratic inclusion, 2018
This essay is an attempt to summarize and condense my thinking on related topics over many years. Several of the arguments I develop here have been explored in earlier publications, most of which are included in the list of references. I have generally not listed each time the publication where a particular idea was first introduced. I have reframed all my older arguments and have not reproduced any part of a previously published text. I presented versions of this text at Universities in Berne,
The Modernity of Political Representation
Contributions to the History of Concepts, 2020
Representation is a major and multifaceted concept of modern politics. Through open and regular elections, it shields the democratic character of representative governments, compelling politicians to pursue the interests of their constituencies and become responsive to their demands. But since the concept of representation is so embedded in the day-to-day workings of democratic regimes, it has largely lost significant traces of its history that shed light on its political dawn. The instrumentalization of the concept by representative governments in order to assess their democratic legitimacy obfuscates its seminal ambiguities and the history of conflicts about its meaning and institutional functions.
Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Akademi Dergisi, 2021
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