Archaic and Late Prehistoric Adaptation in Southwestern Wyoming: The Frontier Pipeline Excavations (original) (raw)

Abstract

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The study presented herein is an extensive data recovery program by P-III Associates at six prehistoric sites near Church Butte, in northeas Uinta County, Wyoming. This excavation program was part of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) compliance requirements for approval of the 288-mile Frontier Crude Oil and Condensate Pipeline from Evanston to Casper, Wyoming. The excavations resulted in the recovery of over 20,000 artifacts and the discovery of more than 35 features. The excellently described results of this project (with ample graphics) provide a valuable research contribution and readable reference to the prehistory of the area from the Early Archaic to Late Prehistoric periods.

The study presented herein is an extensive data recovery program by P-III Associates at six prehistoric sites near Church Butte, in northeas Uinta County, Wyoming. This excavation program was part of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) compliance requirements for approval of the 288-mile Frontier Crude Oil and Condensate Pipeline from Evanston to Casper, Wyoming. The excavations resulted in the recovery of over 20,000 artifacts and the discovery of more than 35 features. The excellently described results of this project (with ample graphics) provide a valuable research contribution and readable reference to the prehistory of the area from the Early Archaic to Late Prehistoric periods.

Figure 2. Map of project area showing the general location of the sites, Uinta County, Wyoming.

Figure 2. Map of project area showing the general location of the sites, Uinta County, Wyoming.

Table 1. Temporal designations and time spans. Excavated sites in the region that have produced evidence of Paleo- indian occupation include the Pine Springs site (Sharrock 1966) and the Finley site (Moss 1951). The Pine Springs site produced several diagnostic Paleoindian projectile points and early radiocarbon dates. Unfortunately, the deposits at the site were mixed and cultural temporal associations of the artifactual material are uncertain. The Finley site, excavated in the 1940s, is the most thoroughly excavated and reported Paleoindian site in southwestern Wyoming. The site, a kill site for a now-extinct species of bison, dates to about 7000 B.C. and contains both Eden and Scottsbluff points.

Table 1. Temporal designations and time spans. Excavated sites in the region that have produced evidence of Paleo- indian occupation include the Pine Springs site (Sharrock 1966) and the Finley site (Moss 1951). The Pine Springs site produced several diagnostic Paleoindian projectile points and early radiocarbon dates. Unfortunately, the deposits at the site were mixed and cultural temporal associations of the artifactual material are uncertain. The Finley site, excavated in the 1940s, is the most thoroughly excavated and reported Paleoindian site in southwestern Wyoming. The site, a kill site for a now-extinct species of bison, dates to about 7000 B.C. and contains both Eden and Scottsbluff points.

Fig. 8. Plan map of the main site area and excavation units, Austin Wast ite, 48UT390, Uinta County, Wyoming.

Fig. 8. Plan map of the main site area and excavation units, Austin Wast ite, 48UT390, Uinta County, Wyoming.

Fig. 29. Selected Class I hammerstones, Austin Wash Site, 48UT390, Uint: County, Wyoming.

Fig. 29. Selected Class I hammerstones, Austin Wash Site, 48UT390, Uint: County, Wyoming.

One of the goals of excavating a block area at this site is to deter- mine whether individual activity areas could be identified. Hodder and Orton (1976) discuss a number of techniques for analyzing spatial distri- bution of artifacts. One such technique, trend surface analysis (Hodder and Orton 1976:155), smooths the data and extracts differential spatial trends in the distribution of artifacts.

One of the goals of excavating a block area at this site is to deter- mine whether individual activity areas could be identified. Hodder and Orton (1976) discuss a number of techniques for analyzing spatial distri- bution of artifacts. One such technique, trend surface analysis (Hodder and Orton 1976:155), smooths the data and extracts differential spatial trends in the distribution of artifacts.

In 1979 one of the occupational loci of the site was located by Western Wyoming College during the survey of a portion of the Trailblazer Pipeline. Unaware that the site complex had already been designated as 48UT11, Western Wyoming College assigned the site number 48UT199 to the occupational locus which measured 100 by 130 m and consisted of a_ lithic Scatter with tools and an associated scatter of thermally altered rock. The site boundary of this locus extends north almost to old U.S. Highway 30 (Miller 1982).

In 1979 one of the occupational loci of the site was located by Western Wyoming College during the survey of a portion of the Trailblazer Pipeline. Unaware that the site complex had already been designated as 48UT11, Western Wyoming College assigned the site number 48UT199 to the occupational locus which measured 100 by 130 m and consisted of a_ lithic Scatter with tools and an associated scatter of thermally altered rock. The site boundary of this locus extends north almost to old U.S. Highway 30 (Miller 1982).

Occupation Area A produced about 82% of the total collection. The majority of the fragments in this area are from at least two antelope. The remaining specimens are distributed between five other identifiable genera, jackrabbit, cottontail, prairie dog, ground squirrel and pocket gopher. One hundred and twenty-five fragments were burned from this area. Of these burned specimens, 124 were antelope or large mammal fragments including three mandible, one tibia and one phalanx specimens, and 119 other frag- ments. The remaining burned element was a femur from a jackrabbit. The specimens were highly weathered from this occupation area with a modal weathering stage of 4.

Occupation Area A produced about 82% of the total collection. The majority of the fragments in this area are from at least two antelope. The remaining specimens are distributed between five other identifiable genera, jackrabbit, cottontail, prairie dog, ground squirrel and pocket gopher. One hundred and twenty-five fragments were burned from this area. Of these burned specimens, 124 were antelope or large mammal fragments including three mandible, one tibia and one phalanx specimens, and 119 other frag- ments. The remaining burned element was a femur from a jackrabbit. The specimens were highly weathered from this occupation area with a modal weathering stage of 4.

Cultural Component 2 was identified at about 60 cm below the present dunal surface. This component included 181 pieces of lithic debitage and 28 bone fragments. All stages of lithic reduction are represented in the debitage sample. No features were uncovered in this component, but a con- centrated area of thermally altered rock was noted. Diagnostic tools were also absent from the material collected from this component, no cultural affiliation or temporal association can be assigned to this component.

Cultural Component 2 was identified at about 60 cm below the present dunal surface. This component included 181 pieces of lithic debitage and 28 bone fragments. All stages of lithic reduction are represented in the debitage sample. No features were uncovered in this component, but a con- centrated area of thermally altered rock was noted. Diagnostic tools were also absent from the material collected from this component, no cultural affiliation or temporal association can be assigned to this component.

The distribution of cultural material around the firepits suggests that the hearths were periodically cleaned out and reused. The tool assemblage recovered from this component included cutting implements, as well as projectile points, indicating some food processing, in addition to lithic procurement and reduction, were taking place during the Late Prehis-— toric occupation at the site. The charred seeds from this site present the best evidence that Component 3 represents a short-term occupation with a balance hunting/gathering subsistence economy.

The distribution of cultural material around the firepits suggests that the hearths were periodically cleaned out and reused. The tool assemblage recovered from this component included cutting implements, as well as projectile points, indicating some food processing, in addition to lithic procurement and reduction, were taking place during the Late Prehis-— toric occupation at the site. The charred seeds from this site present the best evidence that Component 3 represents a short-term occupation with a balance hunting/gathering subsistence economy.

During a reinventory of the MAPCO pipeline, the site was mapped, collected and tested in October, 1980. Further work was recom- mended for the site, and in 1981 a crew returned to the site and conducted additional testing (Miller 1982). This additional testing resulted in the discovery of a buried Early Archaic activity area. relocated,

During a reinventory of the MAPCO pipeline, the site was mapped, collected and tested in October, 1980. Further work was recom- mended for the site, and in 1981 a crew returned to the site and conducted additional testing (Miller 1982). This additional testing resulted in the discovery of a buried Early Archaic activity area. relocated,

Two radiocarbon dates of 4530 and 3350 B.C. clearly place the occupa- tion excavated at Dune D in the Early Archaic period. While there is a great degree of variability in the projectile points recovered in this area, all are side-notched points which are generally considered diagnostic of the Early Archaic. The lack of ground stone and plant macrofossils implies that the site was something other than a plant processing site. The limited amount of faunal remains and the variation in debitage suggest that this area of the site represents an Early Archaic temporary field or hunting camp.

Two radiocarbon dates of 4530 and 3350 B.C. clearly place the occupa- tion excavated at Dune D in the Early Archaic period. While there is a great degree of variability in the projectile points recovered in this area, all are side-notched points which are generally considered diagnostic of the Early Archaic. The lack of ground stone and plant macrofossils implies that the site was something other than a plant processing site. The limited amount of faunal remains and the variation in debitage suggest that this area of the site represents an Early Archaic temporary field or hunting camp.

It appears that several point types that occur throughout the Great Basin, the intermountain area and the Northwest Plains have been given different names on the Northwest Plains and the Great Basin. For example, several side-notched point styles from Altithermal components have been variously referred to as Mummy Cave Side-notched or Pahaska Side-notched on the Northwest Plains. Morphologically similar points dating from the same time period are referred to as Northern Side-notched points in the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau. A similar situation exists with the San Rafael Side-notched point from the Colorado Plateau and the Mallory point from the Northwestern Plains.

It appears that several point types that occur throughout the Great Basin, the intermountain area and the Northwest Plains have been given different names on the Northwest Plains and the Great Basin. For example, several side-notched point styles from Altithermal components have been variously referred to as Mummy Cave Side-notched or Pahaska Side-notched on the Northwest Plains. Morphologically similar points dating from the same time period are referred to as Northern Side-notched points in the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau. A similar situation exists with the San Rafael Side-notched point from the Colorado Plateau and the Mallory point from the Northwestern Plains.

~ oo Sia’ ysSis was performed in the hope of producing information on the types of plants used by the prehistoric peoples of the araa, Unfortu- nately, due to limited number of samples containing pollen, few inferences and conclusions can be made. The noticeable differences in the relative frequencies of pollen types between samples could be the result of several Lactors . The analysis does show, however, that sufficient pollen can be obtained from eolian deposits in southwestern Wyoming. Nonfeature samples from within site areas, as well as samples from Stratigraphic columns, would probably provide valuable data. Because pollen appears to be poorly preserved in features, analyses of feature samples should focus on the recovery of plant macrofossil remains. Methods

~ oo Sia’ ysSis was performed in the hope of producing information on the types of plants used by the prehistoric peoples of the araa, Unfortu- nately, due to limited number of samples containing pollen, few inferences and conclusions can be made. The noticeable differences in the relative frequencies of pollen types between samples could be the result of several Lactors . The analysis does show, however, that sufficient pollen can be obtained from eolian deposits in southwestern Wyoming. Nonfeature samples from within site areas, as well as samples from Stratigraphic columns, would probably provide valuable data. Because pollen appears to be poorly preserved in features, analyses of feature samples should focus on the recovery of plant macrofossil remains. Methods

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