Evolution of class I major histocompatibility complex genes and molecules in humans and apes (original) (raw)
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Evolution and molecular interactions of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-G, -E and -F genes
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
ClassicalHLA(Human Leukocyte Antigen) is the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) in man. HLA genes and disease association has been studied at least since 1967 and no firm pathogenic mechanisms have been established yet.HLA-Gimmune modulation gene (and also-Eand-F) are starting the same arduous way: statistics and allele association are the trending subjects with the same few results obtained byHLAclassical genes, i.e., no pathogenesis may be discovered after many years of a great amount of researchers’ effort. Thus, we believe that it is necessary to follow different research methodologies: (1) to approach this problem, based on how evolution has worked maintaining together a cluster of immune-related genes (the MHC) in a relatively short chromosome area since amniotes to human at least, i.e., immune regulatory genes (MHC-G, -E and -F), adaptive immune classical class I and II genes, non-adaptive immune genes like (C2, C4 and Bf) (2); in addition to using new in vitro models whi...
Evolutionary relationships of class II major-histocompatibility-complex genes in mammals
Molecular biology and evolution, 1990
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule consists of noncovalently associated alpha and beta chains. In mammals studied so far, the class II MHC can be divided into a number of regions, each containing one or more alpha-chain genes (A genes) and beta-chain genes (B genes), and it has been known for some time that orthologous relationships exist between genes in corresponding regions from different mammalian species. A phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences of class II A and B genes confirmed these relationships; but no such orthologous relationship was observed between the B genes of mammals and those of birds. Thus, the class II regions have diverged since the separation of birds and mammals (approximately 300 Mya) but before the radiation of the placental mammalian orders (60-80 Mya). Comparison of the phylogenetic trees for A and B genes revealed an unexpected characteristic of DP-region genes: DPB genes are most closely related to DQB genes, whereas DPA chain...
Genetics, 1990
In order to better understand the role of gene conversion in the evolution of the class I gene family of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), we have used a computer algorithm to detect clustered sequence similarities among 24 class I DNA sequences from the H-2, Qa, and Tla regions of the murine MHC. Thirty-four statistically significant clusters were detected; individual analysis of the clusters suggested at least 25 past gene conversion or recombination events. These clusters are comparable in size to the conversions observed in the spontaneously occurring H-2Kb" and H-2Kkm2 mutations, and are distributed throughout all exons of the class I gene. Thus, gene conversion does not appear to be restricted to the regions of the class I gene encoding their antigen-presentation function. Moreover, both the highly polymorphic H-2 loci and the relatively monomorphic Qa and Tla loci appear to have participated as donors and recipients in conversion events. If gene conversion is not limited to the highly polymorphic loci of the MHC, then another factor, presumably natural selection, must be responsible for maintaining the observed differences in level of variation.
Evolutionary relationships of the classes of major histocompatibility complex genes
Immunogenetics, 1993
A number of hypotheses have been proposed to account for the evolutionary origin of the classes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes of vertebrates. According to one hypothesis the class II MHC evolved first, whereas another hypothesis holds that the class I MHC originated first as a result of a recombination between an immunoglobulin-like C-domain and the peptide-binding domain of an HSP70 heat-shock protein. A phylogenetic tree of C-domains from MHC and related molecules supports a relationship between the class II MHC ~ chain and [32-microglobulin and between the class II MHC D-chain and the class I o~ chain. If this phylogeny is correct, the hypothesis that the class I MHC evolved by recombination with HSP70 is less parsimonious than the hypothesis that class II evolved first. Furthermore, when MHC peptide-binding domains are simultaneously aligned with HSP70 domains and with V-domains from members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, they are slightly more similar to the latter than to the former; and the class II o~1 and [31 domains show much greater similarity to each other than would be expected if they evolved from separate HSP70 domains. Thus, most evidence supports the hypothesis that the ancestral MHC molecule had a class II-like structure.
Human Immunology, 1992
Sequence analysis of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) polymorphic second exon of major histocompatibility complex class II DRB subregion genes demonstrates the existence of at least 34 alleles. Some of these rhesus monkey alleles are very similar (or nearly identical) to HLA-DRB alleles. These data demonstrate that members of the lineages for Mhc-DRBI*03, -DRBI*04, -DRBI*I O, and the loci of Mhc-DRB3, -DRB4, -DRB5, and -DRB6 predate speciation of man and rhesus monkey and were already present 25 million years ago. Calculation of evolutionary rates suggests that the various allele lineages have differential stabilities. Furthermore, the data indicate that distinct species may not have inherited or lost transspecies Mhc-DRB lineages in evolution, because several allele lineages in rhesus monkeys appear to be absent in humans and vice versa. Human Immunology 35, 29-39 (1992)
Genetic exchange in the evolution of the human MHC class II loci
Tissue Antigens, 1992
A total of 61 DNA sequences from human major histocompatibility class II loci were searched for statistical evidence of past genetic exchange (gene conversion or recombination). Among the 12 A-locus sequences (derived from DPA1 and DQA1), 4 clusters indicating potential exchange events were found. Among the 49 B-locus sequences (derived from DOB, DPB1, DPB2, DQB1, DRB1, DRB3, DRB4 and DRB5), 15 clusters were found. The clusters suggested short exchanges (less than 100 bp) within and between loci, and were concentrated in exon 2 (coding for the antigen binding site). The most striking feature of the results was the presence of an approximately 200-bp region in the middle of B-locus exon 2 which contained almost no locus-specific substitutions, which were abundant elsewhere. This suggests either strong selection for locus specificity in the other regions of the gene or a history of frequent between-locus exchange in this part of exon 2, which is involved in forming the antigen binding site.
Immunogenetics, 1991
Although major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are, as a rule, highly polymorphic in mammalian species, those of the New World primate Saguinus oedipus (cotton-top tamarin) exhibit * The nucleotide sequence data reported in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank nucleotide sequence database and have been assigned the accession numbers M38403-15. Address correspondence and offprint requests to: D.I. Watkins. D.I. Watkins et ai.: Nucleotide sequence variability of tamarin MHC class I genes Miami, Florida (# 100-75). The animals at the New England Regional Primate Research Center are maintained in accordance with the guidelines of the Committee on Animals for the Harvard Medical School and those established by the National Institutes of Health (1985).
Nucleotide sequence of chimpanzee MHC class I alleles: Evidence for trans species mode of evolution
The EMBO Journal
To obtain an insight into the evolutionary origin of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I polymorphism, a cDNA library was prepared from a heterozygous chimpanzee cell line expressing MHC class I molecules crossreacting with allele-specific HLA-A11 antibodies. The library was screened with human class I locus-specific DNA probes, and clones encoding both alleles at the A and B loci have been identified and sequenced. In addition, the sequences of two HLA-A11 subtypes differing by a single nucleotide substitution have been obtained. The comparison of chimpanzee and human sequences revealed a close similarity (up to 98.5%). The chimpanzee A locus alleles showed greatest similarity to the human HLA-A11/A3 family of alleles, one of them being very close to HLA-A11. Similarly, segments of the ChLA-B alleles displayed greatest similarity to certain HLA-B alleles. The calculated evolutionary branch point for the A11-like alleles is 7 x 10(6) to 9 x 10(6) years, whereas the ot...
IMGT/HLA and IMGT/MHC: sequence databases for the study of the major histocompatibility complex
Nucleic Acids Research, 2003
The IMGT/HLA database (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/imgt/ hla) has provided a centralized repository for the sequences of the alleles named by the WHO Nomenclature Committee for Factors of the HLA System for the past four years. Since its initial release the database has grown and is the primary source of information for the study of sequences of the human major histocompatibilty complex. The initial release of the database contained a limited number of tools. As a result of feedback from our users and developments in HLA we have been able to provide new tools and facilities. The HLA sequences have also been extended to include intron sequences and the 3 0 and 5 0 untranslated regions in the alignments and also the inclusion of new genes such as MICA. The IMGT/MHC database (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/imgt/mhc) was released in March 2002 to provide a similar resource for other species. The first release of IMGT/MHC contains the sequences of non-human primates (apes, new and old world monkeys), canines and feline sequences. Further species will be added shortly and the database aims to become the primary source of MHC data for non-human sequences.
Human Immunology, 1996
that these two loci have existed for at least 30 million years. The C locus, however, shows some sequence similarity to the B locus and has been found only in gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans. To determine the age of the MHC class I C locus and to examine the evolution of the A and B loci we have cloned, sequenced, and in vitro translated 16 M H C class I cDNAs from two unrelated rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) using both cDNA library screening and PCR amplification. Analyses of these sequences suggest that the C locus is not present in the rhesus monkey, indicating that this locus may be of recent origin in gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans. The rhesus monkey's complement of MHC class I genes includes the products of at least one expressed A locus and at least two expressed 6 loci, indicating that a duplication of the B locus has taken place in the lineage leading to these Old World primates. Comparison of rhesus monkey MHC class I cDNAs to their primate counterparts reveals fundamental differences between MHC class I and class I1 evolution in primates. Although MHC class II allelic lineages are shared between humans and Old World primates, no such trans-species sharing of allelic lineages is seen at the MHC class I loci.