Chapter 7:Comparison of Waste Management Alternatives (original) (raw)
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Rationalisation of Costs in the Collection, Segregation and Transport of Municipal Waste
Rocznik Ochrona Srodowiska, 2022
The article contains answers to three "why" questions:-why the waste management system still does not bring the expected results, and the Polish state is one of the lowest-ranking in the European score regarding the amount of segregated waste;-why the sale of selected secondary raw materials and their material reuse in production processes do not cover the costs related to waste management;-why it does not bring additional profits. The article is based on research conducted in Wroclaw from 1998 to 2018. There is a cost model that can be adapted to similar cases. The article deals with removing organisational and/or technical reasons causing the stagnation of selective waste collection.
2015
Comparing the alternatives of waste collection, transfer, transportation, transformation and treatment is a crucial stage, since each alternative is associated with different economic costs, impact on the environment, externalities and degree of public involvement. Unless we can combine all these "costs", we cannot choose the appropriate alternative. Our alternative cannot be to "do nothing". Doing nothing means to continue dumping waste in landfills, an option, which generates externalities, and (probably) is not the optimal alternative. The comparison is complicated since decisions in one stage imply on the desirable solutions in other stages. We deal with a system that has dependent components. For example, choosing the option of composting as one of the components of treatment (in addition to other methods for the remaining 60 % of waste, see Chapter 6) relies on the good quality of the organic material. If residents perform separation-at-source, and they are...
Solid Waste Management Last Version
The solid waste management in Brazil was boosted with the establishment of the National Solid Waste Policy. From then on, it became necessary to prepare a Waste Management Plan in order to better understand the problem of collection and disposal of waste and to plan management actions necessary for the smooth progress of the plan. This paper aims to introduce an economic instrument called Theory of Pollution Credit Certificates in the management of municipal solid waste in order to create opportunities to achieve the goal established in the above mentioned policy at lowest possible social costs. This instrument was formulated to give social actors economic stimuli so that they can better manage their solid waste and additionally reduce their organic waste destined to landfills extending their life cycles. From a scenario created for a fictional municipality, it was established that the object of study was the organic waste and an environmental goal to only send up to 30 % of waste to landfill and composting the rest of the waste. Two ways to accomplish this task were studied: one simply fulfilling the proposed/desired goal and another besides fulfilling the goal and at the same time benefiting from economies of scale. The result showed that the use of Pollution Credit Certificates Theory has a better cost-effectiveness for solid waste management because it allows reaching the environmental goal at a lower cost to society.
Economic Model for Household Solid Waste Collection
Civil and environmental research, 2016
Protection of public health and water resources is partly maintained through efficient waste collection. This paper presents a model to calculate collection and transfer cost of household solid waste. The model was applied to estimate the collection and transfer cost of household waste for a district in Cairo, Egypt. The model was calibrated and verified using data that was collected through surveying 30 waste collectors. The model is applied for both new and used trucks and was successful in determining the required fee to be collected per household and per ton of waste. The collection and transfer cost model is based on variable and fixed costs. Collection and transfer costs, in Egypt, were less than those presented in literature. This was attributed to lower labour cost and lower capital costs needed for waste collection and transfer. Keywords: Municipal solid waste management system; Collection and transfer cost; Household Waste, Waste collection model
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020
Countries face a serious problem due to the generation and management of higher volumes of waste. Large-scale production of waste has promoted the establishment of various operations (collection, transport, treatment and disposal) for its management. When a MSW management system is implemented, it can generate different impacts or consequences (internal or external impacts). Generally, external impacts (social and environmental impacts) are not reflected in MSW economic analysis or taken into consideration in decision-making processes in regard to MSW management options. For this reason, the objective of this paper is present a methodology with which is viable to conduct the technical-economic analysis of municipal solid waste management projects based on social cost-benefit analysis (sCBA) as it considers internal and external impacts. Its main objectives are to determine the total benefits (the difference between revenues and costs) generated by a project and to reduce uncertainty and risk of investing in particular MSW management system. Finally, a case study was carried out to verify the validity of the methodology through analysis and valuation of different impacts of a light packaging waste and bulky waste facility. Through the application of the methodology, it has been possible to visualize that this facility is viable operationally (B P = 42.94 €/ton) as economically (B T = 87.73 €/ton). Keywords Methodology. Economic analysis. Social CBA. Municipal solid waste. Externalities. Costs and revenues Abbreviation AB Averting behaviour method BTR Benefit transfer CA Complaint assessment method CC Control cost method (abatement cost) CE Choice experiment or choice modelling method COI Cost of illness CUC Clean-up cost method CV Contingent valuation DR Dose response function EAD Experts' assessment of damage costs HP Hedonic price HPF Health production function LCC Life cycle costing MSW Municipal solid waste MP Market price
The economics of municipal solid waste
The World Bank Research Observer, 1995
This article examines the generation and management of municipal solid waste through the lens of economics. The authors estimate that the global burden of municipal solid waste amounted to 1.3 billion metric tons in 1990, or two-thirds of a kilogram of waste per person per day. Industrial countries account for a disproportionately high share of the world's waste relative to their share of world population, while developing countries account for a disproportionately high share of the world's waste relative to their share of world income. Analyses across countries and over time reveal that the generation of municipal solid waste is positively related to variations in per capita income and that the generation of municipal solid waste per capita does not vary with population size among countries with comparable per capita income.
Conceptual modeling to optimize the haul and transfer of municipal solid waste
Waste Management, 2008
Two conceptual mixed integer linear optimization models were developed to optimize the haul and transfer of municipal solid waste (MSW) prior to landfilling. One model is based on minimizing time (h/d), whilst the second model is based on minimizing total cost (€/d). Both models aim to calculate the optimum pathway to haul MSW from source nodes (waste production nodes, such as urban centers or municipalities) to sink nodes (landfills) via intermediate nodes (waste transfer stations). The models are applicable provided that the locations of the source, intermediate and sink nodes are fixed. The basic input data are distances among nodes, average vehicle speeds, haul cost coefficients (in €/ton km), equipment and facilities' operating and investment cost, labor cost and tipping fees. The time based optimization model is easier to develop, since it is based on readily available data (distances among nodes). It can be used in cases in which no transfer stations are included in the system. The cost optimization model is more reliable compared to the time model provided that accurate cost data are available. The cost optimization model can be a useful tool to optimally allocate waste transfer stations in a region and can aid a community to investigate the threshold distance to a landfill above which the construction of a transfer station becomes financially beneficial. A sensitivity analysis reveals that queue times at the landfill or at the waste transfer station are key input variables. In addition, the waste transfer station ownership and the initial cost data affect the optimum path. A case study at the Municipality of Athens is used to illustrate the presented models.
Comparison of ecological effects and costs of communal waste management systems
Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2004
The selection of an appropriate "optimal" recycling alternative has to take into consideration both the ecological and economic effects of the entire life-cycle. The aim of this paper is to compare different waste management systems by means of a life-cycle assessment (LCA) and a cost comparison. The analysis uses data regarding the amount of household waste generated, collected and treated in a selected area in Austria. For this purpose, model-based scenarios with recycling and separate collection as well as scenarios without recycling were created. The database covers the amounts of household waste generated in the different collection schemes, the transport distances by private delivery and by regional waste management companies and data on the waste treatment processes that are widely employed throughout Austria and Germany. The resulting life-cycle inventories have been assessed according to three impact categories relevant to this topic-the global warming potential (GWP), the acidification potential (AP) and the net energy use (NEU). The results include ecological impact analyses and cost comparisons for the overall waste management systems and the waste management systems for the individual waste types-waste paper, plastic packaging, metal packaging and waste glass. Finally, a sensitivity analysis should prove the validity of the results for regions with transport distances differing from those in the area under analysis.